Locomotor system---Protection; support ; movement

Digestive system---to digest foods; to secrete ensymes(excrine

funtion) and hormones( endocrine funtion) ; to absorb the nutrient
elements; to eliminate the useless residues
Respiratory system---to supply the blood with oxygen ; to get
rid of excess dioxide;
Urinary system---by eliminating the metabolic products
to maintain the balance of substances in the body.
Keeping maintancence of
Reproductive system species

secreting hormone

Cardiovascular system---to transport

the substances with oxygen and
Circulatory system nutritional ones

Lymphatic system
Sensory system—to receive the stimulation
from the external or internal environment of
the body, and convert it into nerve impulse.
Endocrine system—to secret hormones
Nervous system—to control the other
systems
 The anatomical position

The body is upright,

legs together, and
directed forwards
The palms are turned
forward, with the
thumbs laterally
2 Anatomical
planes
The median sagittal plane: the
vertical plane passing through the
midline of the body from front to
back. Any plane parallel to this is
termed sagittal.
Coronal plane: vertical planes
perpendicular to the sagittal
planes.
Horizontal (transverse)
planes: lie at right angles to both
the sagittal and coronal planes.
3 Terms of
position
Position Description
Anterior in front of another
Posterior structure
Superior behind another
inferior structure
above another
structure
below another structure

superficial closer to the body

surface
deep further away from the
body surface
medial closer to the median
plane
lateral further away from the
median plane
proximal closer to the trunk or
origin
distal further away from the
trunk or origin
The shape and classifications of bones
The structure of bone
Bone is hard and flexible . It depends on its
chemical components and arrangements.

Organic components Inorganic components

(fibrous tissue, (mineral salts, calcium
collagen) and phosphate salts)
Infant or 1 1(too flexible)
child

adult 3 7(best proportion)

old 1 4(brittle and fractured

easily)
outer plate / diploë / inner
plate
The classification of
articulations
The accessory structures of the
synovial joints
The movement of
joint
The
shape of
muscles
 Introduction to
anatomy
Department of anatomy : Professor Shan-Quan
Sun
 The concept of anatomy
I The concept of the anatomy

1 The definition of anatomy

Anatomy is a science dealing with morphology and function of the body

2 The significance of studying

anatomy
The full name of anatomy is normal human anatomy. After
studying we can distinguish normal-abnormal or physiological-
pathological.

Anatomy can provide fundamental knowledge to other basically

medical sciences, e.g.. Physiology; pathology; surgery
3 The classification of anatomy

By the different research methods, anatomy can be

divided into microanatomy and macroanatomy.
People recognize human body at different levels.

Wholebody---organs(systems)---tissues---cells---cellular
organs---ultramicrostructures---molecular

Presently, we study macroanatomy. According to the different

purposes, different research methods, macroanatomy is divided
into systematic anatomy and regional anatomy.
The differences between systematic anatomy and
regional anatomy are as follows:

Systematic anat Regional anat

Research subject Organs (system) regions

methods observation Dissection and

observation
aims Morphology and Structures in the
function region; relations
among
structures; clinic
significance
II. The systematic arrangements of human body

III The anatomical terms of position

1 The anatomical position

2 Anatomical axes and planes

3 Terms of direction
 Introduction of
locomotor system
The formation of locomotor system, which comprise:

Name function

Bones and cartilages lever

Articulations Skeleton Hinge (synovial joint)

(passive movement)

Striated m. Contract Motivation (through

(active movement) contraction, provides
motivation)
 Bones
1. The shape and classifications of bones
External Features Location Function

Long bone 2extremities/epiphysis/ Upper limb As levers for muscles

shaft/medullary cavity Lower limb

Short bone Length, width, thickness Carpal bones Provide stability,

almost the same Tarsal bones support other
organs , against
gravity
Flat bone Plate-shaped Some of cranial bones; ribs; Protection; support
scapula; hip bones;

Irregular Diversity in shape Some of cranial bones; Diversity in function

bone (temporal bone); vertebrae;
*pneumatic bone

*pneumatic bone around the nasal cavity containing sinus

2 The structures of bone

① periosteum which is a fibrous membrane, containing rich blood vessels and

nerves.
Function: A. play an important role in regeneration of bones, having
osteoblast;
B. Provide nutrition for the development, growth and reconstruction
of bones
C. Containing receptor (accepting stimulate)
Parts: periosteum (except articular surface) / endosteum

② Bony substance:
A. The physical properties of bone
hard: bone removed organic materials; hard but fragile by demonstration;
flexible: bone removed inorganically material specimen, not hard, but flexible
B. The arrangement of bony substance;

a. Compact substance: consist of regular compact bony plate

b. Sponge substance:
outer plate / diploë / inner plate
The arrangement looks like a frame of a house.

③Bone marrow

A. Which is located within medullary cavity and ‘network-eye’, divided into

red and yellow bone marrow.
B. 3-5y red bone marrow carrying out the function of blood-forming . For
adult most of it become yellow bone marrow, but proximal end of
humerus (femur), short bone, flat bone have life-long time red marrow.
 Arthrology
Definition: The bones are connected together by means of fibrous,
cartilaginous or osseous tissues at different parts of their surface. The
connection is called articulation or joint.

1. The classification of articulations

① synarthrosis (immovable joints, direct joint)

Definition: two or more separated bones are directly connected by

fibrous , cartilaginous or osseous tissues.
A. Fibrous joints: a. sutures: skull
b. syndesmoses: ligmentum flava (yellow lig)
B. Cartilaginous: a. synchondrosis: between sternum and 1st costal cartilage
b. symphyses pubic symphysis
C. synosteoses: sacrum
② Diarthrosis (movable articulations, synovial joints) *

Definition: the bones are connected by the joint capsule and ligaments.

A. The essential (basical ) structures of synovial joint

a. The articular surface: which is a part of surface of bone covered by
hyaline cartilage.
b. The articular capsule: it looks like a irregular sac, attaches the
periphery of the articular surface and adjacent surface. Articular capsule
include two parts: outer layer( fibrous layer ) and inner layer( synovial
layer---produce synovial fluid)
c. The articular cavity: it is a closed space enclosed by the synovial
membrane and the articular cartilage.
B. The accessory structures of the synovial joints

a. The ligment:
intracapsular lig: it is inside the joint , surrounded by synovial
membrane\
extracapsular lig: which is outside the capsule
b. The articular disc (or cartilage): it is fibrocartilaginous, and
divides the articular cavity partially or completely into 2
parts.
c. The articular lip (labrum): it is a fibrocartilaginous ring, which
can deepen the articular surface
C. The movement of joint

a. Flexion and extension: they are performed in the coronal axis. Flexion
makes the angle between the adjacent bones decrease; extension increase
the angle.
b. Adduction and abduction: which are performed in sagittal axis. Adduction
means the movement toward the midline of the body; abduction means the
movement apart from the midline.
c. Pronation and supination: in standard anatomical position, the pronation
means the palm is turned backward; the supination means the palm is
turned forward.
d. Rotation: the movement is performed in the vertical axis. A bone is moving
around the vertical axis.
e. Circumduction: while the proximal end of a bone remains relative stable,
the distal end moves in a circle.
 Striated musle
1 The classification of the musles:
Striated (skeletal, voluntary) muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

2 The characteristics of the striated

muscles
① having striated tripe
② supplied by somatic nerve
3 The structures of muscles
① Tendon and venter

the muscle of limbs:

A. tendon: connect tissue blends with collagen
B. venter: muscular cell
C. aponeurosis: some broad m. has aponeurosis

② the origin and insertion:

Generally speaking, the origin is near the medline; the insertion is far
from the medline. However, the origin and insertion may be
exchanged each other. For example: pectoralis major m.
③ The relations of m. to other structures:
most of muscles are attached to bones;
some of muscles are attached to skin; eg. Platysma m. beneath the sin of neck
some of muscles are attached to organs: eg. eyeball
④ The shape of m.

Because of functional differences, muscles have

different shape.
shape Function Location

Long m. obvious movement limbs

Short m. slight movement between vertebrae

Broad m. protection and wall of thorax and

various movements abdomen
Orbicalaris close openings around mouth and
eye
⑤ the functional classification of m.

Agonist (primer mover): produce desired movement

Antagonist :opposing the action of agonist, but cooperate with
agonist.

Agonist---contraction; antagonist---relax

Synergist: cooperation in a special action as a supporter

Fixator: fix proximal end of limbs in a special position.
eg. Tightly making a fist