ASSIGNMENT

PRESENTED TO:

DR. MANZAR HASSAN

 TOPIC:
HYPERTENSION
PREPARED BY:
FARAH IQBAL LODHI

SALIHA HANIF

HIRA TARIQ

SYEDA FATIMA
SAFDER
 Areas of presentation

 Blood pressure & its normal values

 Definition of hypertension
 Classification of hypertension
 Types of hypertension
 Complications
 Risk factors
 cure
 BLOOD PRESSURE:-
Blood pressure is the measurement of the
amount of pressure exerted by blood on the
walls of vessels.
It consists of two components:
 Systolic

 Diastolic
SYSTOLIC:
Is the pressure which occurs when the ventricles are
contract, is the highest pressure against the vessel wall.
DIASTOLIC:
Is the pressure which occurs when the ventricles are
relaxed, is the lowest pressure against the vessel wall.
NORMAL VALUES:-
Systolic: 120-130 mmHg
Diastolic: 80-85 mmHg
 DEFINITION OF HYPERTENSION:-
Hypertension is the term
used to defined the
elevated blood pressure i.e.
the blood pressure reading
greater than 140 over 90
mmHg is called
Hypertension.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HYPERTENSION:-
Hypertension can be classified as:

 Primary Hypertension
 Secondary Hypertension
 PRIMARY HYPERTENSION:-
It is also called ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION. This
condition has no identifiable cause (idiopathic).
Different factors increase bl. Pressure in different
people. It accounts for 95% of the cases of high B.P.
 SECONDARY HYPERTENSION:-
It is diagnosed when high B.P is
caused by any specific disease
in one's body organ or system
like:
 Renal failure

 Endocrinal disorder.

It accounts for 5% of the high

B.P cases.
 TYPES OF HYPERTENSION:-
 Hypertensive Emergency
 Hypertensive Urgency
 Acute Hypertensive episode
 Transient hypertension
 Induced pregnancy hypertension
 Pulmonary artery hypertension
 Malignant hypertension
 HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCY:-
If the blood pressure is higher
than normal with target
organ dysfunction like
 Disorder of cerebrospinal

function
 Renal failure etc

Then this type of hypertension

is called Hypertensive
emergency.
HYPERTENSIVE URGENCY:-
It is sudden rise in B.P
but with out target
organ dysfunction.
 ACUTE HYPERTENSIVE
EPISODE:-
It is sudden rise in B.P i.e.
systolic>180 and
diastolic>110 mmHg
with out any sign and
symptom.
 TRANSIENT HYPERTENSION:-
Always hypertension
that is related with
some other cause
like cocaine or
alcohol with drawl..
Is termed as
transient
hypertension.
 INDUCED PREGNANCY
HYPERTENSION
It occurs in 12-22% of
the pregnancy cases.
When hypertension
usually occurs after
20th week of
pregnancy which
may cause serious
complications to the
mother and baby
both.
 PULMONARY ARTERY
HYPERTENSION:-
It occurs when pressure in the
pulmonary artery increases above
normal and may affect the heart.
 MALIGNANT
HYPERTENSION:-
It is characterized by the sudden
onset of severely elevated B.P
which can be life threatening.
 COMPLICATIONS
HYPERTENSION
CAUSES:

INCREASE AFTER ARTERIAL

LOAD DAMAGE
 ARTERIAL DAMAGE:

THERE ARE TWO TYPES :

ACCELERATED
ATHEROSCLEROSIS

WEAKEND VESSEL WALL

 ACCELERATED
ATHEROSCLEROSIS

It is a disease affecting
inner lining of arteries
(cunical intima) in
which deposition of
fatty substance build up.
 .
Atherosclerosis will
Effect on:

Coronary artery

Coronary aorta
vessels
 CORONARY ARTERY
COMPLICATION:-
Myocardial
Infarction:
Death of tissues due
to inadequate blood
supply commonly
due to obstruction
of blood vessels.
 CORONARY VESSELS
COMPLICATION:-

 Ischemia
 Infarction
 Stroke
Ischemia:
Restriction in blood
supply.

Infarction:
Death of tissue due to
inadequate blood supply
Stroke:
Stroke is the rapidly
developing loss of brain
functions due to
disturbance in the blood
supply.
COMPLICATION OF AORTA:-
AORTIC Aneurysm:
Dilatation of
arteries.
 Weakness of
vessel wall
effect on :

Ophthalmic Renal vessel Cerebral vessel Aorta

 OPTHALMIC
COMPLICATION:-
Retinopathy:
non-inflammatory
damage in retina
 RENAL
COMPLICATION:-

Renal Failure:
The kidney fail
to function
adequately.
 CEREBRAL VESSEL
COMPLICATION:-
 Stroke
AORTA COMPLICATION
 Aneurysm
 INCREASE AFTER
LOAD
WILL EFFECT ON :

INCREASE
SYSTOLIC LEFT VENTICULAR
MYOCARDIAL
DYSFUNCTION HYPERTROPHY
OXYGEN DEMAND
 SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION
COMPLICATION:
 Heart Failure:
It occurs when there is
some problem with the
structure or function of
the heart.
 LEFT VENTRICULAR
HYPERTROPHY
COMPLICATION:

Diastolic
Dysfunction:
Heart becomes stiff
and does not relax
normally.
 MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN
DEMAND
COMPLICATION:
Myocardial Infarction:-
Death of tissues due to inadequate blood
supply commonly due to obstruction of
blood vessels.
 RISK FACTORS:-
AGE:-
Older age increases the risk of
hypertension

HEREDITY:-
Chances are greater if one has it in
his family history.

GENDER:-
Men are at higher risk.
 OTHER FACTORS:
OBESITY:-
If an adult middle age person
i.e. woman has wgt >65
and man has>70 kg then
they have more chances to
develop hypertension.

PHYSICAL
INACTIVITY:-
Persons who are not active
and lazy develop this
disease.
ALCOHOL ABUSE:-
More the use of alcohol,
more the chances of
hypertension will develop.

STRESS:-
Tension and depression
play important role to
develop hypertension
 TWO ADDITIONAL
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
WOMEN:

 Pregnancy

 Birth control
pills
 TREATMENT:-
BY MEDICATIONS:-
 Diuretics
 Beta blockers
 ACE inhibitors etc
 LIFE STYLE CHANGING:-
 Loss excess weight

 Avoid stress
•Cut intake of
alcohol & drugs

•Daily exercise

•Eating healthy
food
THANK YOU