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Working Principle
Seebeck effect
when any conductor subjected to thermal gradient generates a voltage.
To measure this thermal gradient - connect another conductor.voltage depends on type of metal used. Difference 1 70 micro volts per degree C Thermocouple gives difference in temp. not the absolute value
Emf e= a1 + a2 () 2+.+ an () n
Finally reduced to
3. Emf produced by 2 dissimilar metals having jns. at diff. Temp., emf developed will not be affected when a third metal is made a part of ckt. based on law of intermediate metals 4. Law of intermediate temp. Eac= Eab + Ebc
Law of intermediate metals : states that net emf in a circuit remains unaltered if a third metal is introduced provided that the two junctions of third metals are at same temp
Helps it possible to use extension wires Eg. For platinum rhodium thermocouple we can use Cu as extension wire- made less expensive
Features
O/p in mv Need ampr Compesion ckts. Less accurate Kept inside protective wells Cheaper when compared to RTD
IC temp transducers
Ics used as temp. transducer Most linear Highest o/p Prone to self heating
Lm 335 series
Uses a temp sensitive zener diode Provides o/p- 10 mv /K
Lm 34 series
Precision sensor O/p V proportional to F O/p 10 mv /F Low cost, Low o/p impedance,Linear Draws little I (about 70 micro amps) To measure zero degree needs ve supply
AD 592 series
Used when data has to be transmitted over a distance
Torque measurement
Torque measurement
body depends on angular displacement or tension To measure torque- a shaft of calibrated length- attached to shaft Strain produced- sensed by transducerconverted to torque by calibration
45 = +/- [ TR / [ G (R 4- r 4)] ie, strain Torque Strain gauge connected to bridge ckt with power source & display system
Inductive type
Flange A Coil Flange B Core
Core moves in& out according to displacement of flange So L varied, coil connected to Ac bridge, o/p proportional to torque
Digital method
Digital Method
Flange has a tooth. When non torque- teeth aligned perfectly. Teeth produced V in coils. Two pulses compared, At no torque V pulses occur in both coils simultaneously.
Digtal method
When torque applied phase shift in pulses. Compared. Phase shift calibrated to torque
Magneto-strictive transducer
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