Solid State Physics and Materials Science

EEE-3617
Dr. Md. Shakowat Zaman Sarker

International Islamic University Chittagong

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

What is Solid?
The sate of matter in which materials are not fluid but retain their boundaries without support and having three dimension (length, breadth and thickness) as a geometric body or figure. Example: Atomic solid, Metallic solid, Molecular solid and Ionic solid.

Solid can be divided in Crystalline and non- Crystalline of Solid.

Crystalline solid: Materials in which atoms are placed in a high ordered structure are called crystalline (Long range). Example: Metal, Insulator and Semiconductor Non- Crystalline solid: Non- Crystalline solid divided in Amorphous solid and Polycrystalline: Amorphous solid: Materials in which atoms are placed at random are called amorphose (short range) Polycrystalline: Solid many small regions of single crystal

What is Materials?
Materials are made up of lot of little particles. How these particles are arranged determines their state. A materials state can be solid, liquid and gas. Solid: Solid can be hold their own shape unless something happens to them Liquid: Liquid flow and take the shape of their container Gases are usually invisible and spread out to fill up spaces

Classes of Materials: Six Major Classes of Materials

Metals Iron and Steel Alloys and Superalloys (e.g. aerospace applications) Intermetallic Compounds (high-T structural materials) Ceramics Structural Ceramics (high-temperature load bearing) Refractories (corrosion-resistant, insulating) Glass Electrical Ceramics (capacitors, insulators, transducers, etc.) Chemically Bonded Ceramics (e.g. cement and concrete

Six Major Classes of Materials

Polymers Plastics Liquid crystals Adhesives Electronic Materials Silicon and Germanium III-V Compounds (e.g. GaAs) Photonic materials (solid-state lasers, LEDs)

Six Major Classes of Materials

Composites Particulate composites (small particles embedded in a different material) Laminate composites (golf club shafts, tennis rackets, Damaskus swords) Fiber reinforced composites (e.g. fiberglass) Biomaterials (really using previous 5, but bio-mimetic) Man-made proteins (cytoskeletal protein rods or artificial bacterium) Biosensors (Au-nanoparticles stabilized by encoded DNA for anthrax detection) Drug-delivery colloids (polymer based

Crystal Structure
The periodic array of atoms, ions, or molecules that form the solids is called crystal structure. The most important property of a crystal is periodicity, which leads to the term of long range order.
Short vs Long Range order No order: atom or molecules are in random order Short range order: atom or molecules are only arranged with there closest neighbors Long range order: atom or molecules are arranged in a regular respective pattern or lattice

Lattice and Basis

All crystal can be described in term of lattice and basis. Lattice is regular periodic arrangement of geometric points in space, without any atoms. When we place an identical group of atoms (or molecules) called a basiss, at each lattice point, we obtain the actual crystal structure. Crystal structure= lattice + basis

Crystal structure= lattice + basis

Unit cell
A small cell in the crystal structure that carries the properties of the crystal. The repetition of the unit cell in 3-dimensions generated the whole crystal structure. In the cubic crystal system three types of arrangements are found: Simple cubic Body-centered cubic Face-centered cubic

Simple cubic

Body-centered cubic

Face-centered cubic