Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Learning Objectives
To introduce the idea of exporting and profile its elements To introduce the idea of importing and profile its elements To identify the problems and pitfalls that challenge international traders To identify the resources and assistance that helps international traders To discuss the idea of an export plan To outline the practice of countertrade
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Introduction
Exporting and importing are the most common modes of international business Exporting and importing are one of the fastest growing activities in the world
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Introduction
Environmental Factors Influencing Export and Import Operations
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Exporting
Learning Objective 1: To introduce the idea of exporting and profile its elements
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Exporting
Exporting
the sale of goods or services produced by a company based in one country to customers that reside in a different country
Non-exporter Occasional exporter Regular exporter
Types of exporters
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Exporting
Entry mode is influenced by Ownership advantages
Location advantages
the combination of sales opportunity and investment risk that creates favorable locations in foreign markets
reflect companies response to market imperfections that often create uncertainties
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Internalization advantages
Characteristics of Exporters
Size Large
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Why Export?
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Two approaches Incremental internationalization exporting is a learning process Born global instant internationalization global focus
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Approaches to Exporting
Direct exporting involves independent representatives, distributors, or retailers outside of the exporters home country Indirect exporting products are sold to an intermediary in the domestic market, which then exports them Passively filling orders from domestic buyers who then export the product Selling to domestic buyers who represent foreign end users or customers
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Importing
Learning Objective 2: To introduce the idea of importing and profile its elements
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Importing
Importing
the purchase of a good or service by a buyer in one country from a seller in another Input optimizers Opportunistic Arbitrageurs
Types of importers
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Characteristics of Importers
Size
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Why Import?
Reasons to import
Specialization of labor Global rivalry Local unavailability Diversification Top management outlook
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Companies can get resources and assistance from Government agencies The Department of Commerce: DGFT EXIM Bank Trade Consultants Chamber of Commerce and Industry Associations
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Export intermediaries
third party firms that market products and services abroad on behalf of manufacturers, farm groups, and distributors Export management company (EMC) Export trade companies (ETC)
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Customs agents
enforce the rules of trade for a particular country help importers navigate the regulations imposed by customs agencies
Customs brokers
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Freight forwarders
the largest export/import intermediary in terms of value and weight of products shipped internationally
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Third party logistics (3PLs) move cargo and provide a range of logistics options work in partnership with manufacturers, shippers, and retailers
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Export plan identifies useful resources, assigns responsibility, and stipulates controls
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Countertrade
Learning Objective 6: To outline the practice of countertrade
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Countertrade
Countertrade
different arrangements that parties use to trade products via transactions that use limited or no currency or credit
inefficient risky cumbersome build mutually beneficial relationships
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Costs
Benefits
Countertrade
Common Types of Countertrade
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