ENV 414: Waste Management Fall 2012

MSW: Introduction
Faculty: Dr. Hassan Mahmud (HMd) TA: Md. S. H. Nahid 01710396858
Class Note 1
Dr. Mahmud

Faculty
Dr. Hassan Mahmud,
Ph.D. Chemical/Environmental Engineering (Canada)

Office: Room #SAC 712 Phone: 8852000 x 2058; 01741391818 (M) Office hours: ST : 12.00 -14.30 hrs MW: 8.00 - 9.30 hrs E-mail: h.mahmud@northsouth.edu

Dr. Mahmud

Course Introduction
I.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Municipal Solid Waste Management

Introduction: Types of municipal solid waste Character and properties of municipal solid waste Logistics of waste Waste separation and recycling Thermal processing Landfill disposal Biological processing
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Course Introduction (Cont.)

II.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Hazardous and Industrial Waste Management

Fundamentals Risk Assessment Pollution Prevention Treatment and Disposal Design and operation of integrated hazardous waste treatment facility
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Course Introduction (Cont.)

III. Healthcare Waste Management
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Fundamentals Risk Assessment Pollution Prevention Waste Handling Treatment and Disposal

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Present Bangladesh Waste Management

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Future Bangladesh Waste Management

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Solid Waste Definition

Any solid item that is discarded is solid waste Solid waste generated by a community is named Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Several terms are used to describe solid waste:
Trash Garbage Refuse Rubbish

Some waste is more hazardous than others. Waste is not a characteristic part of nature or normal ecosystem processes. Only humans discard waste that cannot be readily recycled and used by other parts of the biosphere.
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Municipal Solid Waste Definition

USA EPA definition
Any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, including solid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous and liquid material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operation, and from community activities, but does not include solid or dissolved material in domestic sewage, or solid or dissolved materials in irrigation return flows or industrial discharges, or sources of special nuclear, or by-product material as defined by the USA Atomic Energy Act of 1954.
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History
Primitive society, waste disposal was not a problem: organic wastes and population density was very low Problem started with the formation of tribes, villages, and communities. Uncontrolled waste disposal led to epidemic of plague, the Black death, which killed Europeans in 14th century. Sanitary disposal of SW started in 19th Century.
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Early Concepts of Waste Management

Throughout most of human history, wastes were disposed of through a dilute and disperse strategy. Waste has become widespread and in forms that the Earth cannot absorb. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, waste management has focused on concentration and containment.
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Traditional Waste Management

In the twentieth century, humans have dealt with solid wastes in three basic ways:
Burning the waste, which essentially converts it to gas and injects most of it into the atmosphere Storing the waste in dumps, impoundments, and recently, sanitary landfills, which started in early 1940s. Disposal by injection or burial deep underground in rock cavities

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Dumps
Open dumps, the first approach to waste concentration, are still a common form of waste disposal although they create a variety of environmental problems. Refuse is piled up without being covered or otherwise protected.
Dumps have been located wherever land is available without regard to safety, health hazards, and aesthetic degradation. Common sites are abandoned mines and quarries, where gravel and stone have been removed, Natural low areas such as swamps or floodplains and hillside areas above or below towns.

Open dumps create a nuisance by providing breeding sites for the pests, creating a health hazard, polluting the air and water.
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Dumping: Low-lying areas, drains and canals are clogged with waste

What are the environmental impacts?

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Present Dumping Practice in Dhaka

Are the workers safe?

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What should be done?

Environmental Impact of Dumping

VERMINS Spreading more than 40 Diseases

METHANE GAS Bad Odor & Green House gas

LEACHATE Polluting Ground & Surface Water

What are the health effects?

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Deep-Well Injection
Various types of industrial and hazardous wastes have been disposed of by injecting them into deep wells drilled in the Earths crust. Concerns about deep-well injection include:
Potential groundwater contamination Earthquake generation Loss of future use of some aquifers Adequate monitoring
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Ocean Dumping
Types of Waste Dredge spoils Industrial wastes Sewage sludge Construction debris Solid waste The most seriously affected areas are near shore

Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e

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Ocean Dumping

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Botkin and Keller Environmental Science

Modern Trends in Waste Management

Recently, sustainable waste management involving resource recovery has become a preferred alternative, in addition to limiting waste at the source. Ideal essence of industrial ecology where waste from one part of the system would be a resource for another part. The goal is to achieve zero waste, i.e. no net waste generation.
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Waste Management in the Future

The commonly accepted approach to waste treatment would follow the waste management hierarchy:
Source reduction Reuse of products Recovery and recycling Waste treatment and incineration Storage and disposal
3Rs

Integrated waste management approach

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Hierarchy of goals of IWM

Reduce waste and pollution Reuse as many things as possible Recycle and compost as much waste as possible Chemically or biologically treat or incinerate waste that cant be reduced, reused, and recycled. Bury what is left in state-of-art landfills after the first four goals have been met
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Integrated waste management

The major concept of IWM is 3Rs:
Reuse Reduce Recycling

At least 50% reduction of solid waste can be achieved through

Better design of packaging to reduce waste (10% source reduction). Establishment of recycling programs (30% reduction), and Large-scale composting/digestion programs (60% reduction).
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Shrinking the Waste Stream Source Reduction

Since 2 liter soft drink bottle was introduced in 1977, weight has been reduced by 35%.
Since 1965, aluminum cans have been reduced in weight by 35%.
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Benefits of Recycling

Prevents emission, water pollutants Saves

Creates jobs, Conserves resources for
future generation
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energy, spaces, raw materials,

Waste Management in the Future

The most beneficial form of waste management is ultimately reducing consumption (related to the Precautionary Principle) through
the use of alternative materials and products change of manufacturing procedures, and ultimately less consumption.

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Legislations
1899: Rivers and Harbors Act restrict dumping in navigable waters and adjacent lands. 1965: Solid waste disposal act
Promote SWM and resource recovery Provide technical and financial support to municipalities Promote national research and development to improve SWM Provide guideline for SW collection, transportation, separation, recovery and disposal Provide training
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Legislations (Cont.)
1969: National Environmental Policy Act gave public saw in decision making. Introduction of EIS. 1970: Resources Recovery Act shifted SWM from disposal to resources recovery. 1976: Resources Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) gave legal footing of the guidelines for SW storage, treatment and disposal. 1980: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act provide funds for uncontrolled MSW and Hazardous waste disposal sites. 1981: Public Utility Regulation and policy Act directs to purchase waste-to energy power.
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Legislations (Cont.)
No separate policy or handling rules for solid waste management in Bangladesh. However, Ministry of Environment and Forest is currently preparing a comprehensive solid waste management handling rules for the country. The existing legal aspects relating to solid waste management can be classified into two groups, which are given below:
National Level Framework Local Level Legal Framework
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National Level Framework

Environment Conservation Act, 1995 requires that before establishment of industrial enterprise as well as undertaking of projects environmental aspects must be given due consideration and prior environmental clearance is obtained. As such, for the purpose of environmental clearance, the Environment Conservation Rules 1997 made under the Act have divided industries and projects into four categories depending upon the pollution load and likely impact on the environment. These categories are:
1) Green, 2) Orange-A, 3) Orange-B and 4) Red.
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National Level Framework

Orange-B and Red categories are required to submit an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report and the design of the effluent treatment plant (ETP). An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has to be undertaken and the EIA report to be approved by the Department of Environment (DOE) before installation or import of equipment for any industry or project under Red category. Prior to commissioning of projects falling under orange-B and red category, final clearance from DOE is required. All municipal land fill sites as well as installation of any kind of incinerators fall within red category and environmental clearance from DOE is mandatory.
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National Level Framework

National Environmental Management Action Plan (NEMAP) has been prepared for a 10-year period (19952005), by the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) of the Government of Bangladesh in consultation with people from all walks of life. NEMAP has identified key environmental issues and recommended measures to conserve, improve and reduce environmental degradation, promote sustainable development and generally raise the quality of human life. NEMAP has recommended for actions in the areas of sanitation, solid waste management, water supply and environmental awareness etc. Based on the findings and recommendations of NEMAP, the government has taken up projects like community-based water supply and sanitation, community based solid waste management and community based wastewater treatment (GoB, 1995).
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National Level Framework

Urban Management Policy Statement, 1998, prepared by the Government of Bangladesh has clearly recommended the municipalities for privatization of services as well as giving priority to facilities for slum dwellers including provision of water supply, sanitation and solid waste disposal. The policy considers the interest of providing economic, efficient and reliable services; municipalities shall endeavor to contract out solid waste disposal, public sanitation, drain cleaning and road maintenance (GoB, 1998a).
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National Level Framework

National Policy for Water Supply and Sanitation 1998 prepared by the Local Government Division of the Ministry of Local Government Rural Development & Cooperatives gives special emphasis on participation of private sector and NGOs in water supply and sanitation in urban areas. Some solid waste and recycling related strategies under this policy are given below:
Local Government Bodies (City Corporations and municipalities) may transfer, where feasible collection, removal and management of solid waste to the private sector. Measures to be taken to recycle the waste as much as possible and promote use of organic waste materials for compost and bio-gas production Private sector including NGO participation in sanitation is Dr. Mahmud encouraged (GoB, 1998b).

National Level Framework

National Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Strategy 2004 prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) has identified waste sector as one of the potential sectors for attracting CDM finance in the country. CDM allows foreign direct investment (FDI) in projects, which reduces green house gas emissions. The waste sector options prevent methane release to atmosphere from biomethanation processes. The methane collected can be flared or used to generate electricity. The waste sector options for Bangladesh can be landfill gas recovery, aerobic composting, anaerobic digestion, poultry and other animal waste, and human excreta management using anaerobic digestion or ecosanitation and wastewater treatment.
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Local Level Legal Framework

There is no adequate legislation in the country to address the growing problems of solid waste. In Bangladesh, solid waste management is entrusted with urban local government bodies. The responsibility of removal and disposal of municipal solid waste lies with the City Corporations and municipalities. The six City Corporation Ordinances and Pourshava Ordinance 1977 are the only local law that gives some idea about disposal of municipal waste. These ordinances contain identical provisions relating to solid waste management, which are as follows:
The pourshava or city corporation shall be responsible for sanitation of the municipality/city corporation area and for the control of environmental pollution. For this purpose the city corporation or poursahava may cause such measures to be taken as are required by the ordinances.
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 A pourashava or city corporation shall make adequate arrangements for removal of refuse from all public streets, public latrines, urinals, drains, and all buildings and land vested in the pourshava or city corporation and for collection and proper disposal of such waste. Subject to the general control and supervision of the pourashava/city corporation, the occupiers of all other buildings and land shall be responsible for removal of refuse from such buildings and lands. The poursahava/city corporation may, and if so required by the governments shall provide public bins or other receptacles at suitable places and by public notice, require that all refuse accumulating in any premise or land shall be deposited by the owner or occupier of such premises or land in designated bins or receptacles.
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Local Level Legal Framework

Local Level Legal Framework

All refuse removed and collected by staff of pourashava/city corporation or under their control and supervision and all refuse deposited in the bins and other receptacles provided by the poursahava/city corporation shall be the property of the pourashava/city corporation. A pourashava/city corporation shall provide adequate public drains in the municipality/city area and all such drains shall be constructed, maintained, kept cleared, and emptied with due regard to health and convenience of the public.
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