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Starter

Write down everything you know about the elements in group 7.

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Group 7 Elements: Redox Reactions Lesson Objectives:

Explain the trend in boiling points of Cl2, Br2 and I2.
Explain the trend in reactivity for the Group 7 elements.

Describe the redox reactions of the Group 7 elements with other halide ions.
Describe and interpret, using oxidation numbers, the reaction of chlorine with water and aqueous sodium hydroxide. Key Words: reactivity, displacement reaction, disproportionation, precipitation reaction
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What are the halogens?

The halogens are the elements in Group 7 of the periodic table.

The name halogen comes from the Greek words for salt-making.
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Group 7 Elements: The Halogens

Physical Properties: Low melting and boiling points Exist as diatomic molecules On descending the group, no. of electrons increases increasing van der Waals forces between molecules.

Boiling points increase on descending the group. The physical states of the halogens at room temperature;
Gas Liquid Solid On descending the group
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Physical properties of halogens

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Trends in boiling point

Halogen molecules increase in size down the group. This leads to greater van der Waals forces between molecules, increasing the energy needed to separate the molecules and therefore higher melting and boiling points.

van der Waals forces

fluorine atomic radius = 42 10-12 m boiling point = -118 C

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iodine atomic radius = 115 10-12 m boiling point = 184 C

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Trends in electronegativity
Electronegativity of the halogens decreases down the group due to an increase in atomic radius. Increased nuclear charge has no significant effect because there are more electron shells and more shielding. Iodine atoms therefore attract electron density in a covalent bond less strongly than fluorine.

fluorine atomic radius = 42 10-12 m electronegativity = 4.0

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iodine atomic radius = 115 10-12 m electronegativity = 2.5

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Astatine
The name astatine comes from the Greek word for unstable. Astatine exists in nature in only very tiny amounts. It is estimated that only 30 grams of astatine exist on Earth at any one time. This is because it is radioactive, and its most stable isotope (210At) has a half-life of only 8 hours. It was first made artificially in 1940, by bombarding 209Bi with a-radiation. What do you predict for these properties of astatine?

colour state at room temperature electronegativity.

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Halogens: true or false?

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Group 7 Elements: Electron Configuration

Element F Cl Br Electron Configuration [He]2s22p5 [Ne]3s23p5 [Ar]4s24p5

I
At

[Kr]5s25p5
[Xe]6s26p5

7 electrons in the outer shell, highest energy electrons in a p sub-shell Each element has two fewer electrons than the next noble gas Outer p sub-shell containing 5 electrons (needs 1 more to form a -1 ion)

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The Halogens: Oxidising Agents

The halogens are the most reactive non-metals in the periodic table Strong oxidising agents (they gain electrons) Oxidising power decreases down the group. Therefore less reactive down the group Cl2(g) + e- Cl-(g) (-1 oxidation state) Reactivity decreases down the group because; Atomic radius decreases Electron shielding increases Ability to gain an electron decreases
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Electron structure and reactivity

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Halogen displacement reactions

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Halogen displacement reactions

Halogen displacement reactions are redox reactions. Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2 To look at the transfer of electrons in this reaction, the following two half equations can be written: Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl2Br- Br2 + 2e-

What has been oxidized and what has been reduced?

Chlorine has gained electrons, so it is reduced to Cl- ions. Bromide ions have lost electrons, so they have been oxidized to bromine.
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Oxidizing ability of halogens

In displacement reactions between halogens and halides, the halogen acts as an oxidizing agent. This means that the halogen:

increasing oxidizing ability

fluorine

oxidizes the halide ion to the halogen gains electrons

is reduced to form the halide ion.

chlorine

bromine

What is the order of oxidizing ability of the halogens?

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iodine
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 The halogens form solutions with different colours. A colour change will show if a reaction has taken place.
Halogen Water cyclohexane

The Halogens: Recognising them

Cl2
Br2 I2

Pale-green
Orange Brown

Pale-green
Orange violet

If you shake the reaction mixture with an organic solvent it can help distinguish between halogens that have reacted

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Oxidizing ability of halogens

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Chlorine and disproportionation

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Reaction of chlorine with water

Chlorine is used to purify water supplies because it is toxic to bacteria, some of which can cause disease. Adding it to water supplies is therefore beneficial for the population. However, chlorine is also toxic to humans, so there are risks associated with gas leaks during the chlorination process. There is also a risk of the formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons, which are also toxic. Chlorination of drinking water raises questions about individual freedom because it makes it difficult for individuals to opt out.
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Bleach and the chlorate(I) ion

Household bleach commonly contains the chlorate(I) ion, ClO-, in the form of sodium chlorate(I), NaOCl.

The chlorate(I) ion behaves as an oxidizing agent. It oxidizes the organic compounds in food stains, bacteria and dyes. ClO- + H2O + 2e- Cl- + 2OHHow many electrons are needed to balance this equation?

Has the chlorine been oxidized or reduced in the reaction?

The chlorine has been reduced because it has gained electrons. Its oxidation state has decreased from +1 in ClO- to 1 in Cl-.
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Uses and Halide Tests

Lesson Objectives:

Interpret and make predictions from the chemical and physical properties of the Group 7 elements/compounds. Contrast the benefits and risks of chlorines use as a water treatment. Describe the precipitation reactions of aqueous anions Cl, Br and I with aqueous silver ions, followed by aqueous ammonia. Recognise the use of these precipitation reactions as a test for different halide ions.
Key Words: reactivity, displacement reaction, disproportionation, precipitation reaction
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Halides
When halogens react with metals, they form compounds called halides. Many naturally-occurring halides have industrial, household and medical applications. Halide caesium chloride Formula Uses CsCl Extraction and separation of DNA

sodium hexafluoroaluminate
titanium(IV) chloride lithium iodide potassium bromide

NaAlF6
TiCl4 LiI KBr

Electrolysis of aluminium oxide

Extraction of titanium Electrolyte in batteries Epilepsy treatment in animals
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Identifying halide ions

Halides can be identified by their reaction with acidified silver nitrate solution to form silver halide precipitates.

potassium chloride

silver nitrate

potassium nitrate

silver chloride

KCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + AgCl(s) Silver chloride has a low solubility in water, so it forms a white precipitate: the positive result in the test for chloride ions.
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Identifying halide ions

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Identifying halide ions

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Hydrogen halides
The hydrogen halides are colourless gases at room temperature. Hydrogen halide HF HCl Boiling point (C) 20 -85

HBr
HI

-67
-35

Hydrogen fluoride has an unexpectedly high boiling point compared to the other hydrogen halides. This is due to hydrogen bonding between the HF molecules.
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Halides as reducing agents increasing reducing ability

A substance that donates electrons in a reaction (i.e. is oxidized) is a reducing agent because it reduces the other reactant. The larger the halide ion, the easier it is for it to donate electrons and therefore the more reactive it is.

fluoride

chloride

This is because its outermost electrons are further from the attraction of the nucleus and more shielded from it by other electrons. The attraction for the outermost electrons is therefore weaker.
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bromide

iodide
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Halides: true or false?

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Glossary

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Whats the keyword?

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Multiple-choice quiz

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