Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Problem discovery
Sampling
Probability
Nonprobability
Experience survey
Pilot study
Case study
Research Design
Interpretation of findings
Experiment
Laboratory Field Interview
Survey
Questionnaire
Observation
Report
The formulation of the problem is often more essential than its solution. Albert Einstein
Problem Definition
The indication of a specific business decision area that will be clarified by answering some research questions.
10
Symptoms Membership has been declining for years. New water park with wave pool and water slides moved into town a few years ago.
Problem Definition Based on Symptom Neighborhood residents prefer the expensive water park and have negative image of swimming pool.
True Problem Demographic changes: Children in this 20year-old neighborhood have grown up. Older residents no longer swim anywhere.
Problem definition
Creativity techniques
Analytical Progressive abstraction Interrogatories (5Ws+H) Boundary examinations Intuitive Associations/Images Wishful thinking Brain storming Analogy/metaphor
Problem definition
GAP analysis
Unintended situation Normal situation Ideal situation
Problem definition
Definition of opportunities
Disturbing problems
Entrepreneurial problems
Problem definition
Progressive Abstraction Technique
1. Basic description of the problem 2. Gradually moving towards a higher level of abstraction (until a usable definition has been reached) - the problem is automatically extended, new definitions may show up - new definitions can be evaluated regarding applicability - when a higher level of abstraction has been reached, it is often easier to identify solutions 3. The decision maker/analyst is forced into a systematic way of searching for substructures and relationships
Problem definition
Boundary examination technique
1. Purpose: to restructure the assumptions and to develop new ways of looking at the problem 2. Procedure: describe the problem, as it looks at the moment identify key elements in the definition and examine them to reveal underlying assumptions analyse each assumption and identify its causes and effects redefine the problem based on the deeper understanding of the elements achieved during this process 3. Advantages: provocative definition of the problem reveals limits which are difficult to identify stresses the need of a flexible definition of the problem
Problem definition
Interrogatories Ws+H (who, what, where, when, why, how)
1. Purpose: To make sure that all aspects of the problem has been considered
2. Procedure:
- construct questions for each of the 5 Ws+H - answer the questions - evaluate the proposed answers - if an improvement shows up: is it cost efficient? if so change accordingly Very efficient technique which can be applied in any phases of the problem definition
Problem definition
Wishful thinking technique
1. Purpose: To isolate the process of defining the problem from non-recognized but irrelevant alternative assumptions
2. Procedure:
- formulate questions, targets, situations or a problem - accept that everything is possible - use imagination to formulate statements like: I would like to.. or If I could choose - examine each statement and apply it as a stimuli - return to reality and formulate statements like: Even if I cant do it, then I can - repeat the last three steps if needed
Problem definition
Brain storming
1. Purpose: To generate as many ideas as possible 2. Procedure: - select a problem, which all participants have some knowledge/ experience about - describe the problem in a neutral way - write down all suggestions on a board, so everybody can see them - evaluation must not start until all ideas have been mentioned - try to force more ideas - strive for as many ideas as possible so quality can be extracted from quantity - accept all ideas - even the most absurd - stimulate associations and extensions of generated ideas
22
23
Types of Variables
Categorical Continuous Dependent Independent
Hypothesis
An unproven proposition A possible solution to a problem Guess
26
If you do not know where you are going, any road will take you there.
Specific Objective 1
Specific Objective 2
Specific Objective 3
Research Design
Results
Influences of definition
Feedback
Specific Objective I Broad Research Objectives
Specific Objective II
Research Design
Results