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introduction
Information technology (IT)
(abbreviated IT) refers to all of the computer-based information systems used by organizations and their underlying technologies.
related terms: it architecture & it infrastructure
introduction
Information system (IS) A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, and disseminate data and information and provide feedback to meet an objective Examples: ATMs, airline reservation systems, course reservation systems
IS vs. IT
Payroll System
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Hardware Software Databases are used to build INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Inventory System
Networks
Other related components
Marketing System
Objective:
Bring new models rapidly & economically
Now
Powerway (Web-Enabled Portal, Paperless) Designers Track parts thru nine QC gates Prod Identify potential design & engineering problems b4 parts are constructed
Outcome
Design new cars faster Remain Competitive
What IS a system?
A group of interrelated or interacting elements forming a unified whole, OR A group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process (dynamic system). Three basic interacting components:
Input Processing (transformation process) Output
Business Information Systems
Sales Rep: Charles Mann Emp No. 79154 Item Qty Sold Price TM Shoes 1200 $100
Information
Data that have meaning within a context Data in relationships Data after manipulation
Information in Context
DIKW Quartet
Data
Symbols Signs Represent: Stimuli Signals
Info
Symbolic Subjective Represent: Structural Functional
Knowledge
Processed Represent: Procedural Propositional
Information LS
functional area
F,H,A,M
activity supported
S,M,O
support provided
TPS,MIS,KMS,OAS,DSS,GSS,ISS and etc
system architecture
mainframe, standalone, distributed (networking)
transaction process
MIS
DSS
External information
Data warehouse
EIS
The TPS collects information that is used to build the DSS and EIS. The information in the data warehouse and DSS can be used as an input to EIS
Allows human thought to be translated into efficient processing of large amounts of data
IS Perspectives - Interdependence
Information Technologies
Major concepts, developments, and management issues in information technology.
Development Processes
How business professionals and information specialists plan, develop, and implement information systems.
Management Challenges
The challenge of managing ethically and effectively.
Business Information Systems
Approaches to IS
Technical Behavioral
Management Sciences Computer Sciences Operations Research & Mgmt Economics Sociology Psychology
Sociotechical
Need of IS
Respond changes in Marketplace quickly
Elements of BIS
BIS is made up of a number of interdependent areas These areas overlap with other disciplines, which provide academic frames of reference
Value is the key flow between an organisation and actors in its environment
Businesses deliver value through products or services provided to customers Business receive value from suppliers or partners A business organisation is a value-creating system which interacts with a wider value network making up its environment see Figure 1.3
Organisations require activity systems to function Activity systems in-turn rely on information systems An information system is a system of communication between a group of people to coordinate the action of individuals.
Information is data interpreted in some context A datum (a unit of data) is one or more symbols used to represent something On the basis of information supplied by the information system, decisions are made about appropriate actions to take
Business information systems have to be developed This is referred to as the information systems development process
Effective planning and management are necessary to ensure information systems are successful and aligned with organisational strategy
An organisation consists of a number of inter-dependent activity systems An activity system is a social system (or soft system) It consists of a logical collection of activities, processes or tasks in pursuit of some goal The precedence or order of activities is normally critical as this determines the flow necessary for the coordination of work In terms of our case, Goronwys activity systems are likely to consist of processes for: Receiving unfinished products Galvanising these products Dispatching finished products back to customers
Goronwy has a manual information system - it relies on the flow of documents to inform the coordination of activity The delivery advice note supplied with BlackWalls products is identified by a delivery advice number specific to this manufacturer Each batch is identified on the delivery advice note by an order number generated by BlackWalls
After checking, details from the delivery advice notice are transcribed to a job sheet A separate job sheet is filled in for each order-line on the delivery advice note
When the shop-floor has treated a series of jobs a dispatch advice note is issued Each trailer for dispatch will have an associated dispatch advice note detailing the white material on the trailer Because of discrepancies, partial despatches may be made from one job - so the information on delivery advices need not correspond precisely with the information on dispatch advices.
Information models
Information models show the structure of information, particularly the information of relevance to decision-making. Boxes indicate individual elements of information or information classes Connecting lines indicate an association between information classes Symbols attached to each line represent a number of rules governing the behaviour of the association between classes
ICT systems consist of three inter-dependent layers : Data management Business Interface
ICT systems rely on a database (which is a repository for the data used within the system) The database is controlled by the data management layer The design for the structure of the database is referred to as a data model The data model defines what data will be stored within the system and in what form
Figure 1.20: Part of the proposed interface for the Goronwy ICT system
Def Types
Designed to operate the computer hardware Platform for running App Software
Enterprise Infra Software: Business workflow s/w, Digital Asset Management, DBMS & GIS
Integration Packages
Combining various Business Functionalities using S/w Packaging MS Visual Studio; SAP SWIFT Integration Package; HP OpenView; CISCOWorks; MS SQL Server Integration
Model
Relational: Attributes & their relationships RDBMS Oracle, MySQL, SQL Server Network: Objects & their relationships OODBMS
Query Control Data Access, Enforce Data Integrity, Use & Scope Manage Concurrency and Backup & Restore
Business Information Systems