THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE

Done by- A.Raghu Raman IX B

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE(IMAGE FORMATION)

CELLS
The word cell comes from the Latin
cellula, meaning a small room or cubicle, and was first used by Robert Hooke in his book Micrographia, published in 1665. Hooke was describing the air-filled spaces of dead cells in a slice of cork (bark from an oak tree).

VARIOUS CELLS FROM THE HUMAN BODY(NERVE CELLS)

VARIOUS CELLS FROM THE HUMAN BODY(SPERM CELLS)

VARIOUS CELLS FROM THE HUMAN BODY(RED BLOOD CELLS)

VARIOUS CELLS FROM THE HUMAN BODY(WHITE BLOOD CELLS)

VARIOUS CELLS FROM THE HUMAN BODY(BONE CELLS)

VARIOUS CELLS FROM THE HUMAN BODY(SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS)

VARIOUS CELLS FROM THE HUMAN BODY(FAT CELL)

CELLS AND ITS FUNCTIONS

Cell, the smallest unit of an organism that
can function independently. All living organisms are made of cells and nothing less than a cell can truly be said to be alive. Some microscopic organisms, such as bacteria and protozoa, are single cells whereas animals and plants are composed of many millions of cells built into tissues and organs.

PLASMA MEMBRANE OR CELL MEMBRANE

All cells have a surrounding
membrane (termed the plasma membrane) enclosing a water-rich substance called the cytoplasm. Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane form channels and pumps that control the passage of small molecules into and out of the cell.

DIFFUSION Diffusion is the flow of energy

or matter from a higher concentration to a lower concentration, resulting in an even distribution.

OSMOSIS
Osmosis is the net or overall
movement of solvent molecules (often water) from a region where they are at a higher concentration to an area where they are at a lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane (sometimes called a selectively permeable or semi-permeable membrane).

CELL WALL
Plant cells, in addition to the plasma
membrane, have another rigid outer covering called the cell wall. The cell wall lies outside the plasma membrane. The cell wall is mainly composed of cellulose. Cellulose is a complex substance and provides structural strength to plants.

CELL WALL SURROUNDING THE PLANT CELL

NUCLEUS
The most conspicuous organelle in most
plant and animal cells is the nucleus, typically a membrane-enclosed, roughly spherical body about 5 m in diameter. Within the nucleus, molecules of DNA and proteins are organized into long chromosomes, which usually occur in identical pairs. Chromosomes are too stringy and intertwined to be identified separately unless the cell is dividing. Just before a cell divides, however, its chromosomes become condensed and thick enough to be seen as separate

NUCLEUS
The DNA inside each chromosome is
a single very long, highly coiled molecule containing a linear sequence of genes. Genes contain the coded instructions for the assembly of RNA molecules and proteins needed to produce a functioning copy of the cell.

NUCLEUS IN EUKARYOTIC CELL

PROKARYOTIC CELL
Cells of organisms which lack a
nuclear membrane, are called prokaryotes(Pro=primitive or primary;karyote=nucleus). Organisms with cells having a nuclear membrane are called eukaryotes.

PROKARYOTIC CELL

EUKARYOTIC CELL

CELL ORGANELLES
Some important cell organelles
are: endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, plastids and vacuoles. They are important because they carry out some very crucial functions in cells.

ANIMAL CELL

PLANT CELL

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
In addition, a complex membrane
system called the endoplasmic reticulum runs through much of the cytoplasm and appears to function as a communication system; various kinds of cellular substances are channeled through it from place to place.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ROUGH)
RER looks rough under a microscope
because it has particle called ribosomes attached to its surface The ribosomes , which are present in all active cells , are the sites of protein manufacture .

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(SMOOTH) The SER helps in the manufacture of

fat molecule , are lipids , important for cell function. Some of these proteins and lipids help in building the cell membrane . This process is known as membrane biogenesis. SER plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poisons and drugs.

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

GOLGI APPARATUS
Stacks of membrane-bounded
flattened sacs constitute the Golgi apparatus, which receives the molecules made in the endoplasmic reticulum, processes them, and then directs them to various locations in the cell. Golgi apparatus also plays a role in the secretion of materials from cells.

GOLGI APPARATUS

LYSOSOMES
Lysosomes are small, irregularly shaped
organelles that contain stores of enzymes responsible for the digestion of many unwanted molecules in cells. During the disturbance in cellular metabolism, for example, when the cell gets damaged, lysosomes may burst and the enzymes digest their own cell. Therefore, lysosomes are also known as the suicide bags of a cell.

MITOCHONDRIA
The name mitochondria comes from two
Greek words, mito meaning filaments and chondros meaning grains, which were used in the 19th century to describe the appearance of parts of cells under the light microscope. Mitochondria have two membranes, inner and outer. The latter serves largely as an outer boundary and is not the locus of major mitochondrial functions, whereas the inner membrane contains many proteins with important functions, including those that allow molecules to

MITOCHONDRIA

PLASTIDS
Plastids are organellesspecialized
cellular parts that are analogous to organs bounded by two membranes. Three kinds of plastids are important here. Chloroplasts contain chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments; they are the site of photosynthesis, the process in which light energy from the Sun is fixed as chemical energy in the bonds of various carbon compounds. Leucoplasts, which contain no pigments, are involved in the synthesis of starch, oils, and proteins. Chromoplasts

VACUOLES
Vacuoles are membrane-bound
cavities filled with cell sap, which is made up mostly of water containing various dissolved sugars, salts, and other chemicals. The central vacuole of some plant cells may occupy 50-90% of the cell volume.

THANK YOU FOR WATCHING MY PROJECT

By-A.Raghu Raman IX B