The survey on milk biochemical changes in subclinical mastitis

Mastitis A disease complex resulting from any condition that induces inflammation of the mammary gland
Bruising of the udder Introduction of a foreign chemical into the mammary gland Invasion of the mammary gland by pathogenic/environmental microorganisms

What causes mastitis ?

Bacteria ( ~ 70%) Yeasts and molds ( ~ 2%) Unknown ( ~ 28%)

physical
trauma weather

extremes

Where do these organisms come from ?

Infected udder Environment

bedding soil water manure

Replacement animals

Economic Loses Due to Mastitis $2.8 billion/year

Expenditures
Death/Premature Culling of Cows Treatment and Vet Expenses Discarded Milk Unobtained Milk Production

% of Total
14 8 8 70 100

What are the health concerns of mastitis ?

Animal health

Loss of functional quarter Lowered milk production

Death of cow

Human health

Poor quality milk antibiotic residues in milk

Mastitis Terminology

Clinical Presence of clinical signs

Signs of infection Udder shows signs of inflammation (Rewdness, swollen, tender, hard, etc.) Milk is abnormal

Flecks, gargot (clots), off color, bloody Goal <2% per month

Subclinical

No evidence of abnormality except milk positive on special tests.

CMT, SCC, Sterile milk culture, etc.

Mastitis Terminology
Acute
Rapid

and severe onset High temperature Serious condition

Chronic
Persistent

subclinical form

How severe can mastitis be ?

Subclinical Mastitis

Clinical Mastitis

~ 90 -95% of all mastitis cases

Udder appears normal Milk appears normal Elevated SCC (score 3-5) Lowered milk output (~ 10%) Longer duration

~ 5 - 10% of all mastitis cases

Inflamed udder Clumps and clots in milk Acute type

major type of clinical mastitis

bad milk loss of appetite depression

prompt attention needed

bad milk cow appears healthy

Chronic type

Mastitis in a Herd
Clinical

Subclinical

Process of infection
Organisms invade the udder through teat canal

Migrate up the teat canal and colonize the secretory cells

Colonized organisms produce toxic substances harmful to the milk producing cells

The cows immune system send white blood cells (Somatic cells) to fight the organisms

recovery

clinical

subclinical

Materials and Methods

Animals were selected from 4 Holstein dairy herds located in Shiraz. Cows were in the third lactation and fed the same as each other CMT used as a screening test for subclinical mastitis Milk were sampled from 30 cows with subclinical mastitis as well as from 30 healthy controls

CMT
CMT Score
- (Negative)

Description
Mixture remains liquid with no evidence of thickening or formation of a precipitate. Slight thickening that tends to disappear with continued movement of the paddle.

SCC cells/ml
< 200,000

Mastitis Diagnosis
No mastitis

T (Trace)

150,000 to 500,000

Suspicious

1 (Weak)

Distinct thickening, but no tendency toward gel formation. Thickening may disappear after prolonged rotation of the paddle.

400,000 to 1,500,00 0

Suspicious

2 (Distinct)

Mixture thickens immediately. With continued rotation of paddle, liquid moves towards the center, leaving the bottom of the outer edge of the cup exposed.

800,000 to 5,000,00 0

Mastitis

3 (Strong)

A distinct gel forms which tends to adhere to the bottom of the paddle and during swirling a distinct mass forms.

Over 5,000,00 0

Mastitis

Records of 3 months production of each cows were used for calculating Milk Yield Moisture was determined by oven dehydration pH was determined using a Metrohm pHmeter Protein was measured by Kjeldahl method Fat was determined by Gerber method Lactose was determined by HPLC Na and K contents were measured by flame photometry Ca and P contents were measured by atomic absorption spectophotometry Cl content was measured by spectrophotometer (using Pars Azmun kit) Vitamin C and E were measured by HPLC Catalase activity was determined by monitoring H2O2 loss (measuring the absorbance at 240 nm during the initial 30 s)

Statistical analysis

Data were analysed by Paired samples T test (SPSS software, version 16)

Results and Discussion

Milk Water (%) pH yield,kg/90 Cow d Healthy 4128 118 86.81 0.06 6.63 0.03 Subclinial 3589 134 87.67 0.07 6.75 0.04 mastitis

Factor

Protein (%)

Fat (%)

3.28 0.15 4.25 0.67

4.55 0.74 3.21 0.48

Factor Lactose (%) Na (mg/dl)

K (mg/dl)

P(mg/dl)

Ca (mg/dl)

Cow Healthy 4.93 0.16 46.53 7.67 156.39 11.71 29.49 1.06 119.52 2.66 Subclinial 4.38 0.22 78.46 8.14 118.72 9.36 23.64 0.87 97.84 1.91 mastitis

Factor

Cl (mg/dl)

Vit C (mg/L)

Vit E (g/L)

Catalase (U/ml)

Cow Healthy 100.56 3.49 19.14 1.23 946.37 10.56 Subclinial 183.74 5.77 18.43 0.93 904.18 21.04 mastitis

1.95 0.08 3.53 0.21

Changes in Mammary Tissue with Mastitis