INTRODUCTION

An automatic transmission is a motor vehicle

transmission that can automatically change gear ratios as the vehicle moves, freeing the driver from having to shift gears manually. Similar but larger devices are also used for heavy-duty commercial and industrial vehicles and equipment.

COMPARISON WITH MANUAL TRANSMISSION

The manual transmission uses a clutch and locks and unlocks different sets of gears to achieve the different gear ratios .
The automatic transmission on the other hand has a torque convertor and planetary gears that allow the same set of gears to produce the different gear ratios.

HISTORY
First automatic gearbox in 1904 by Sturtevant Brothers

of Boston, Massachusetts ; Unfortunately, the metallurgy of the time wasn't up to the task, and owing to the abruptness of the gear change, the transmission would often fail without warning. The next significant phase in the automatic transmission's development occurred in 1908 featured a simple, two speed plus reverse planetary transmission whose operation was manually controlled by the driver using foot pedals.

HISTORY
1934 Semi-Automatic Transmission that were less

difficult to operate than a fully manual unit. These designs, however, continued to use a clutch to engage the engine with the transmission. 1940 Fluid coupling was introduced which was the answer to the question of how to avoid stalling the engine when the vehicle was stopped with the transmission in gear.

HISTORY
TORQUE CONVERTER 1948 A Torque Converter was used for the first time it had

had only two forward speeds, relying on the converter for additional torque multiplication. In the early 1950s, BorgWarner developed a series of three-speed torque converter automatics for American Motors, Ford Motor Company, Studebaker, and several other manufacturers in the US and other countries. Chrysler was late in developing its own true automatic, introducing the two-speed torque converter PowerFlite in 1953, and the three-speed TorqueFlite in 1956. The latter was the first to utilize the Simpson compound planetary gearset.

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

The predominant form of an automatic transmission

is hydraulically operated; using a

Torque converter Planetary gearset Clutches and bands Hydraulic system

TORQUE CONVERTER

TORQUE CONVERTER

PLANETARY GEARSET

RING GEAR

PLANET CARRIER

SUN GEAR

PLANETARY GEARSET

PLANETARY GEARSET
Ring gear Planet carrier

Sun gear

Planet gear

GEAR RATIO
Gear 1st 2nd Input
30 tooth sun 30 tooth sun Planet Carrier

Output
72 tooth ring Planet Carrier 72 tooth ring

Fixed
Planet Carrier 72 tooth ring 36 tooth sun Total 2nd gear

Ratio
2.4 : 1 2.2 : 1 0.67 : 1 1.47 : 1 1.0 : 1

3rd
OD Reverse

30 & 36 tooth suns

72 tooth ring

Planet Carrier
36 tooth sun

72 tooth ring
72 tooth ring

36 tooth sun
Planet Carrier

0.67 : 1
- 2.0 : 1

CLUTCHES AND BANDS

CLUTCH PLATES

CLUTCHES

CLUTCHES
The clutches in the transmission are a little more

complex. In this transmission there are four clutches. Each clutch is actuated by pressurized hydraulic fluid that enters a piston inside the clutch. Springs make sure that the clutch releases when the pressure is reduced. The figure below shows the piston and the clutch drum. Notice the rubber seal on the piston - this is one of the components that is replaced when your transmission gets rebuilt.

Clutch

Bands
The bands in a transmission are, literally, steel bands

that wrap around sections of the gear train and connect to the housing. They are actuated by hydraulic cylinders inside the case of the transmission.

Hydraulic system

Hydraulic system (Purpose)

Actuates clutches and brake bands by hydraulic

pressure from the hydraulic slave circuits.

Hydraulic system (Purpose)

Hydraulic system (Purpose)

Controls the shifting pattern of the transmission. This

is done by switching hydraulic pressure to programmed combinations of clutches and brake bands based on vehicle speed and engine load.

Hydraulic system (Purpose)

Hydraulic system (Purpose)

Circulates the transmission fluid through a remote

cooler to remove excess heat that is generated in the transmission and torque converter.
Provides a constant fresh supply of oil to all critical

wearing surfaces of the transmission.

Oil Pump
Conventional hydraulic pump Internal external rotor or rear type pump

Loation
Front of txn case Driven by engine As oil pump rotate, txn fluid is drawn into the

pump from txn pan

Basic function
Produce pr to operate clutch, bands Lub moving parts in txn case Keep the torque converter filled with txn fluid Circulate the txn fluid through the txn and

cooling to txn heat. Operate hydraulic valve in txn

Limitations of ATS
Complicated ops High cost Lack of infrastructure Acceleration is less

Modern cars
ZF 8 speed ATS 4 set of planetary gears 5 shifting mech Effy increased close to max

MAINTAINENCE
What can damage your automatic transmission?

How to prevent the transmission from damage?

DAMAGE
Over heat Over load

Using wrong grade oil

leakage

Txn Service
Clean all plugs before drain Drain when Eng is warm Check for any deposits Use correct grade of oil

Use quality component

Ensure using clean tools