Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Authors : - Cong Mab, Shuili Yu , Wenxin Shi , Wende Tian ,S.G.J. Heijman , L.C. Rietveld
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 2009, China School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA Delft, The Netherlands
1. INTRODUCTION
The focus of this study was on the development of a membrane separation system coupled with high concentration of Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) and to evaluate the effects on the performance of the system at 10 C and the membrane fouling. The some researcher pointed that the nitrification process decreases with increasing temperature. The possible justification for this fact is the reduction in microbial richness caused by the drastic temperature changes. Performance efficiency, resistance of shock load were all enhanced and chemical irreversible membrane fouling was reduced with increasing dosage of PAC in MBR PAC are able to provide a high surface area support the microbial attachment and biofilm growth. Under this condition, mean removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) is 93%, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal is 75% Nitrification in the filtration tank could start within 19 days and be completed within 35 days at 10 C during the PAC concentration of Fifty grams per liter. PAC used with the concentration range 5, 25, 50 and 75 g/l which are having high adsorption capacity
The hollow-fiber membrane module is used which are consist of polyethylene (PE)
The surface area of membrane module is 0.06 m2 (320 fibers with 12 cm in length), a nominal pore size of 0.1 m, an inner diameter of 0.27 mm and outer diameter of 0.41 mm.
The source water was synthesized by tap water and chemical NH4Cl, humic acid and kaolin. NaOH, NaClO (Sodium hypochlorite), and citric acid were used to remove the fouling
The influent water having NH3-N, 67 mg/L; DOC, 56.5 mg/L and pH 6.87.4.
The membrane filtration tank having 2 L of volume . pump sucked the water from raw water tank and discharged into the filtration tank
The water temperature in the bioreactor was maintained at an average value of 10.0 C using a water bath cooling by a refrigerator effluent was drawn directly from the membrane module by using a suction pump. Another suction pump was used for backwashing the membrane module with collected effluent water. The system was automatically controlled by a programmable logic controller (PLC) system. The durations of filtration and backwash were controlled automatically using a timer in the PLC based on time intervals of 28 and 2 min in each cycle.
4. FILTRATION
The membrane separation process is based on the presence of semi permeable membrane.
the membrane acts as a very specific filter that allows water to flow through, while it catches suspended solids and other substances
5. MEMBRANE FOULING The constituents of the feed stream are deposited on the membrane surface is called membrane fouling. Particle separation and water permeation involve various mass transport steps in membrane filtration processes. Mass transfer can be limited by the attachment, accumulation or adsorption of materials on the membrane surface and within membrane pores Fouling affects the performance of the membrane either by deposition of a layer onto the membrane surface or by blockage or partial blockage the membrane pores In general, there are three fouling mechanisms were introduced for membrane filtration that can be applied for MBR
MEMBRANE FOULING
1.Pore Plugging
2.Cake Formation
3.Pore Closure
Fig:-Three main mechanisms for membrane fouling 1. Pore plugging: for the case when diameters of particles are similar to those of the pores, particles block the pores. Cake formation: for the case when diameters of particles are bigger than diameter of pores, particles deposit on the membrane surface. This leads to cake build-up (cake formation). Pore closure : when diameter of particles is smaller that diameter of pores, particles could enter the pores. As a result some of the entered particles pass the membrane and some foul inside the pores and reduce the open cross-sectional area for flow.
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6. MEMBRANE CLEANING
The membrane cleaning procedure can be achieved by two method physical and chemical Physical cleaning techniques involve membrane relaxation and backwashing. membrane relaxation is nothing but a pause of filtration process for a short period. The backwashing or back flushing is a pumping of permeate again in reverse to the reactor through the membrane. While the TMP reached at 50 kpa, the membrane module washed with deionized water. Then it was submerged in 2% NaOH for 4 h, whereafter in 0.5% NaClO for 4 h, at last in 3% citric acid for 4 h and washed with deionized water again. There was only one chemical cleaning needed in 90 days operation
MEMBRANE CLEANING
Clogged membrane
NH3-N, NO2-N, and NO3-N in the influent, effluent and bulk were monitored in PAC-0 MBR. Here by shown that variation of the concentrations of NH3-N and NO2-N in the influent and effluents at various PAC concentrations 0 , 5, 25, 50 & 75 g/l during the 40 days filtration period The average concentration of NH3-N in the influent was 6.5 mg/L
The reduction of NH3-N occurred on day 11, day 19, and day 31 in PAC-75, PAC-50, and PAC-25 MBRs, respectively.
During the day 19, the concentration of NH3-N in the effluent began to decrease, which meant NH3-N started to transfer to another form NO2N. After day 25, the removal rate of NH3-N was stable above 90% in PAC-50 MBR, which could be contributed to ammonia oxidation bacteria (AOB) biodegradation.
System performance on nitrification NO2-N was neither removed nor accumulated significantly before day 18.
diameters of PAC particles were about 100 times larger than the 0.1 m membrane pores. Large PAC particles block the membrane pores , they can deposit on the membrane surface and partially can block the surface pores. It can be removed by period backwash Cake layer formed by the organic matter, PAC and biomass higher PAC concentration rapidly reduced flux at the same trans-membrane pressure (TMP), In practical operation TMP reached at the 50 kpa, its need to physically and chemical cleaning.
When TMP reached 50 kpa, the flux was optimized 19, 18, 15.5, and 13 L/(m2 h) in PAC-5, PAC- 25, PAC-50, and PAC-75 MBRs, respectively, Its mean that the increasing the concentration of PAC decreases the flux rate
In practical operation TMP reached at the 50 kpa, its need to physically and chemical cleaning.
cake resistance was higher in PAC-50 and PAC-75 MBRs than in PAC-25 and PAC-5 MBRs
The high concentration PAC was selected for the reason:1. higher concentrations of PAC (50 and 75 g/L) could work as biological carrier and provide a suitable living environment for nitrifying bacteria at 10 C, so they enhanced the activity of nitrifying bacteria in MBR, which resulted in shorting the start up period of nitrification at 10 C 2. higher concentrations of PAC (50 and 75 g/L) MBRs process provided stable and excellent effluent quality, even when fluctuation in the feed was observed.
In this study the critical flux is an important parameter for the filterability of different MBRs which are generally considered as the flux above which formation of cake due to deposition of particles and colloids on the membrane Surface. Here the critical flux in PAC-50 MBR was measured to be about 20 L/(m2 h).
Its pointed out that increasing the MLSS decreased the critical flux.
MLSS in PAC-50 MBR was higher than in PAC-25 and PAC-5 MBR, because MLSS was composed of PAC and biomass. So the critical flux in PAC-25 and PAC-5 were both above 20 L/(m2 h). However, the critical flux in PAC-75 MBR was about 10 L/(m2 h). MBRs were operated at the flux of 16.6 L/(m2 h). 50 g/L PAC were used because the there were periodic backwash and continues aeration during the filtration time and the cake resistance would be limited. When PAC dosage exceeded a certain concentration (50 g/L), most of the organic matter would be adsorbed onto the PAC and the blockage the membrane pores. Thus microorganisms may be exposed to some organic matter with poorer biodegradability. The addition requirement of the PAC are 11 mg/L every day and it can be operated for a 1 year without trouble.
8. CONCLUSIONS
The results showed that the concentration of PAC at 50 g/L acted as biological carrier was high enough nitrification without initial inoculation could start within 19 days and be completed within 35 days at low temperature (10 C). Fifty grams per liter PAC was the optimal dosage in MBR for stable and extended operation. Under this condition, average removal efficiencies of NH3-N is 93.5%, and DOC is 75% at steady-state period. These facts suggested that this new type of membrane process could be an alternative technology for SPSW even at low temperature (10 C).
9. REFERENCES
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