1 4/11/2013

KAPASITOR
DEFINISI KAPASITANSI
KAPASITOR PELAT SEJAJAR
KOMBINASI KAPASITOR
ENERGI YANG TERSIMPAN DALAM
MEDAN LISTRIK
KAPASITOR DENGAN DIELEKTRIK
2 4/11/2013
a
+Q
b
-Q
The definition of capacitance
Capacitor: two conductors (separated by an insulator)
usually oppositely charged





The capacitance, C, of a capacitor is defined as a ratio of
the magnitude of a charge on either conductor to the
magnitude of the potential difference between the
conductors
Q
C
V
=
A
3 4/11/2013
1. A capacitor is basically two parallel
conducting plates with insulating
material in between.
Capacitor for use in
high-performance
audio systems.
2. When a capacitor is connected to an
external potential, charges flow
onto the plates and create a
potential difference between the
plates.
+ -
-
-
3. Capacitors in circuits
symbols
4 4/11/2013
Units of capacitance
The unit of C is the farad (F), but
most capacitors have values of C
ranging from picofarads to
microfarads (pF to F).




Recall, micro 10
-6
, nano 10
-9
,
pico 10
-12
If the external potential is
disconnected, charges remain on
the plates, so capacitors are good
for storing charge (and energy).
1 1 F C V =
5 4/11/2013
A
A
+Q
-Q
d
The parallel-plate capacitor
The capacitance of a device
depends on the geometric
arrangement of the conductors




where A is the area of one of
the plates, d is the separation,
c
0
is a constant called the
permittivity of free space,

c
0
= 8.8510
-12
C
2
/Nm
2

0
A
C
d
c =
0
1
4
e
k
tc
=
6 4/11/2013
A parallel plate capacitor has plates 2.00 m
2
in area, separated by a
distance of 5.00 mm. A potential difference of 10,000 V is applied
across the capacitor. Determin the capacitance the charge on each
plate
Problem: parallel-plate capacitor
7 4/11/2013
A parallel plate capacitor has plates 2.00 m
2
in area, separated by a distance of 5.00 mm. A
potential difference of 10,000 V is applied across the capacitor. Determine
the capacitance
the charge on each plate
Given:

AV=10,000 V
A = 2.00 m
2
d = 5.00 mm


Find:

C=?
Q=?

Solution:
Since we are dealing with the parallel-plate capacitor,
the capacitance can be found as
( )
2
12 2 2
0
3
9
2.00
8.85 10
5.00 10
3.54 10 3.54
A m
C C N m
d m
F nF
c

= =

= =
( )
( )
9 5
3.54 10 10000 3.54 10 Q C V F V C

= A = =
Once the capacitance is known, the charge can be
found from the definition of a capacitance via charge
and potential difference:
8 4/11/2013
Combinations of capacitors
It is very often that more than one capacitor is used in an
electric circuit
We would have to learn how to compute the equivalent
capacitance of certain combinations of capacitors
C
1
C
2
C
3
C
5
C
1
C
2
C
3
C
4
9 4/11/2013
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
eq
eq
Q CV Q C V
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
C
V V V V V V
Q Q Q
C C C
V V V
= =
+
= = + = +
+ =
= +
= =
+Q
1
Q
1
C
1
V=V
ab
a
b
+Q
2
Q
2
C
2
a. Parallel combination
1 2
V V V = =
Connecting a battery to the parallel
combination of capacitors is equivalent to
introducing the same potential difference for
both capacitors,
1 2
Q Q Q + =
A total charge transferred to the system
from the battery is the sum of charges of
the two capacitors,
By definition,

Thus, C
eq
would be
1 2 eq
C C C = +
10 4/11/2013
Parallel combination: notes
Analogous formula is true for any number of capacitors,



It follows that the equivalent capacitance of a parallel
combination of capacitors is greater than any of the
individual capacitors
1 2 3
...
eq
C C C C = + + +
(parallel combination)
11 4/11/2013
A 3 F capacitor and a 6 F capacitor are connected in parallel
across an 18 V battery. Determine the equivalent capacitance
and total charge deposited.
Problem: parallel combination of capacitors
12 4/11/2013
A 3 F capacitor and a 6 F capacitor are connected in parallel across an 18 V
battery. Determine the equivalent capacitance and total charge deposited.
+Q
1
Q
1
C
1
V=V
ab
a
b
+Q
2
Q
2
C
2 Given:

V = 18 V
C
1
= 3 F
C
2
= 6 F


Find:

C
eq
=?
Q=?
First determine equivalent capacitance of C
1
and C
2
:
12 1 2
9 C C C F = + =
Next, determine the charge
( )
( )
6 4
9 10 18 1.6 10 Q C V F V C

= A = =
13 4/11/2013
b. Series combination
1 2
V V V = +
Connecting a battery to the serial
combination of capacitors is equivalent to
introducing the same charge for both
capacitors,
1 2
Q Q Q = =
A voltage induced in the system from the
battery is the sum of potential differences
across the individual capacitors,
By definition,

Thus, C
eq
would be
+Q
1
Q
1
C
1
+Q
2
Q
2
C
2
V=V
ab
a
c
b
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1
1 1 1
eq
eq
Q CV Q C V
V V V V V V V
C Q Q Q Q Q Q
Q Q Q
V V V C C C
= =
+
= = + = +
= =
= +
+ =
1 2
1 1 1
eq
C C C
= +
14 4/11/2013
Series combination: notes
Analogous formula is true for any number of capacitors,



It follows that the equivalent capacitance of a series
combination of capacitors is always less than any of the
individual capacitance in the combination
1 2 3
1 1 1 1
...
eq
C C C C
= + + + (series combination)
15 4/11/2013
A 3 F capacitor and a 6 F capacitor are connected in series
across an 18 V battery. Determine the equivalent capacitance.
Problem: series combination of capacitors
16 4/11/2013
A 3 F capacitor and a 6 F capacitor are connected in series across an 18 V
battery. Determine the equivalent capacitance and total charge deposited.
+Q
1
Q
1
C
1
+Q
2
Q
2
C
2
V=V
ab
a
c
b
Given:

V = 18 V
C
1
= 3 F
C
2
= 6 F


Find:

C
eq
=?
Q=?
First determine equivalent capacitance of C
1
and C
2
:
1 2
1 2
2
eq
C C
C F
C C
= =
+
Next, determine the charge
( )
( )
6 5
2 10 18 3.6 10 Q C V F V C

= A = =
17 4/11/2013
1
2
U QV =
Energy stored in a charged capacitor
Consider a battery connected to a capacitor
A battery must do work to move electrons
from one plate to the other. The work done
to move a small charge Aq across a voltage
V is AW = V Aq.
As the charge increases, V increases so the
work to bring Aq increases. Using calculus
we find that the energy (U) stored on a
capacitor is given by:
V
V
q
2
2
1
2 2
Q
CV
C
= =
Q
18 4/11/2013
+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Find electric field energy density (energy per unit volume) in a
parallel-plate capacitor
2
0
2
0
2
0
1
2
/ energy density
1
= ( ) /( )
2
1
2
volume A
U CV
A
C V Ed
d
u U volume
A
Ed d
E
d
A
d
u
c
c
c
=
=
= =
=
=
Example: electric field energy in parallel-plate
capacitor
Recall




Thus,




and so, the energy density is
19 4/11/2013
C
1
C
2
V
C
3
In the circuit shown V = 48V, C
1
= 9F, C
2
= 4F and C
3
= 8F.
(a) determine the equivalent capacitance of the circuit,
(b) determine the energy stored in the combination by calculating
the energy stored in the equivalent capacitance.
Example: stored energy
20 4/11/2013
C
1
C
2
V
C
3
In the circuit shown V = 48V, C
1
= 9F, C
2
= 4F and C
3
= 8F.
(a) determine the equivalent capacitance of the circuit,
(b) determine the energy stored in the combination by
calculating the energy stored in the equivalent capacitance,
First determine equivalent capacitance of C
2
and C
3
:
23 2 3
12 C C C F = + =
( )
( )
2
2 6 3
1 1
5.14 10 48 5.9 10
2 2
U CV F V J

= = =
The energy stored in the capacitor C
123
is then
Next, determine equivalent capacitance of the circuit
by noting that C
1
and C
23
are connected in series
1 23
123
1 23
5.14
eq
C C
C C F
C C
= =
+
Given:

V = 48 V
C
1
= 9 F
C
2
= 4 F
C
3
= 8 F


Find:

C
eq
=?
U=?
21 4/11/2013
+Q +Q
Q Q
V
0
V
Capacitors with dielectrics
A dielectrics is an insulating material (rubber, glass, etc.)
Consider an insolated, charged capacitor







Notice that the potential difference decreases (k = V
0
/V)
Since charge stayed the same (Q=Q
0
) capacitance increases




dielectric constant: k = C/C
0

Dielectric constant is a material property
0 0 0
0
0 0
Q Q Q
C C
V V V
k
k
k
= = = =
Insert a dielectric
22 4/11/2013
Capacitors with dielectrics - notes
Capacitance is multiplied by a factor k when the
dielectric fills the region between the plates completely
E.g., for a parallel-plate capacitor


The capacitance is limited from above by the electric
discharge that can occur through the dielectric material
separating the plates
In other words, there exists a maximum of the electric
field, sometimes called dielectric strength, that can be
produced in the dielectric before it breaks down
0
A
C
d
kc =
23 4/11/2013
Dielectric constants and dielectric
strengths of various materials at room
temperature
Material Dielectric
constant, k
Dielectric
strength (V/m)
Vacuum 1.00

--
Air 1.00059 3 10
6
Water 80 --
Fused quartz 3.78 9 10
6

For a more complete list, see Table 16.1
24 4/11/2013
Take a parallel plate capacitor whose plates have an area of
2000 cm
2
and are separated by a distance of 1cm. The capacitor
is charged to an initial voltage of 3 kV and then disconnected
from the charging source. An insulating material is placed
between the plates, completely filling the space, resulting in a
decrease in the capacitors voltage to 1 kV. Determine the
original and new capacitance, the charge on the capacitor, and
the dielectric constant of the material.
Example
25 4/11/2013
Take a parallel plate capacitor whose plates have an area of 2 m
2
and are separated by a
distance of 1cm. The capacitor is charged to an initial voltage of 3 kV and then
disconnected from the charging source. An insulating material is placed between the
plates, completely filling the space, resulting in a decrease in the capacitors voltage to
1 kV. Determine the original and new capacitance, the charge on the capacitor, and the
dielectric constant of the material.
Given:

AV
1
=3,000 V
AV
2
=1,000 V
A = 2.00 m
2
d = 0.01 m


Find:

C=?
C
0
=?
Q=?
k=?

Since we are dealing with the parallel-plate capacitor,
the original capacitance can be found as
( )
2
12 2 2
0
3
2.00
8.85 10 18
1.00 10
A m
C C N m nF
d m
c

= = =

( )
( )
9 5
18 10 3000 5.4 10 Q C V F V C

= A = =
The charge on the capacitor can be found to be
The dielectric constant and the new capacitance are
1
0 0
2
0.33 18 6
V
C C C nF nF
V
k
A
= = = =
A
26 4/11/2013
How does an insulating dielectric material reduce electric fields
by producing effective surface charge densities?
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Reorientation of polar molecules
Induced polarization of non-polar molecules
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Dielectric Breakdown: breaking of molecular bonds/ionization of
molecules.