DC Generators

Ex. 21-3
A shunt generator delivers 450 A at 230 V. Rf = 50 ohm; Ra = 0.03 ohm. Calculated the generated emf! .Find If or Ish = 230/50 = 4.6 A. .Find Ia = 454.6 A. .Find armature voltage drop = IaRa = 13.6 V. .Find E = V + IaRa = 243.6 V.

If

Iline Ia

generator

Ex. 21-4
A 4-pole, long-shunt compound gen supplies 100 A at a terminal voltage of 500 V. Ra = 0.02 ohm. Rf series = 0.04 ohm. Rf shunt = 100 ohm. Take drop per brush as 1 V. Neglect armature reaction. Find the generated emf!
Ish Iline

.Find If or Ish = 5 A. .Find Ia = 105 A. .Find E = V + IaRa + series drop + brush drop (2 brushes!) = 508.3 V.

Ia

21-18 A dc shunt machine delivers 195 A at terminal voltage of 250 V. Effective armature resistance is 0.02 , field resistance is 50 . The iron and friction losses equal 950 W. Find: a. Emf generated. b. Cu losses c. Power of the prime mover (in HP) d. Commercial, electrical, & mechanical efficiencies!
If Iline Ia

Solution
a. .Find Ish = 5A; Ia = 200 A; E = 254 V; b. .Find arm Cu losses = Ia2 Ra = 800 W. .Find Shunt Cu losses = V.Ish or Ish2 Rsh = 1250 W. .Total Cu losses = 2050 W. c. Stray losses = 950 W. Total losses = 3000 W. Output = VI = 48750 W. .Input = Output + Losses = 51750 W. -> in HP = 51750 / 746 = 69.4 HP.

generator

21-18 (2) Solution

A Mechanical Power Input Iron and Friction Losses

B Electrical Power developed in armature. Copper Losses

C Electrical Power Output

EIa, Watt

VI, Watts

51750 W

50800 W

48750 W

d. Stray losses = 950 W. Electrical power produced in armature = 51750 950 = 50800 W. Mech Eff = 50800 / 51750 = 98.2 %. Electrical or Cu losses = 2050 W. Elect Eff = 48750 / 50800 = 95.9 %.

Overall Eff = 48740 / 51750 = 94.2 %.

21-19 A shunt generator has a full-load current of 196 A at 220 V. The stray losses are 720 W and the Rsh is 55 . Full-load is 88 %. a. Find Ra! b. Find the load current corresponding to max ! Solution
a.Find output = 43120 W.
A Mechanical Power Input Iron and Friction Losses B Electrical Power developed in armature. Copper Losses C Electrical Power Output

EIa, Watt

VI, Watts

.Find input = output/ = 49000 W. .Total loss = 5880 W. .Find If = 4 A. Find Ia = 200 A. .Find Shunt Cu loss = 880 W. Stray loss = 720 W. Constant losses = 1600 W. .Armature Cu loss = 5880 1600 = 4280 W. -> Ia2Ra -> Ra = 0.107 . b. max Cu losses = constant losses = 1600 W. I = 122.3 A

21-20 A long-shunt dynamo running at 1000 rpm supplies 22 kW at a terminal voltage of 220 V. Ra = 0.05 , Rf shunt = 110 , Rf se = 0.06 . Overall efficiency for above laod is 88 %. Find: a. Cu losses b. Iron & friction losses c. The torque exerted by the prime mover!

Solution
Find Ia = 102 A. a. Find arm Cu loss = 520.2 W. Find series field loss = 624.3 W. Find shunt field loss = 440 W. Total losses = 1584.5 W. b. Find input = 25000 W. Total losses = 25000 22000 = 3000 W. Iron & friction losses = 3000 1584.5 = 1415.5 W. c. Power exerted by the prime mover = Pinput. -> T = Pin/ 2n (n in rps!!!) T = 25000/(2xx1000/60) = 238.7 Nm.

12.1 Sebuah generator shunt 100 kW, 250 V, pada jangkar diinduksikan tegangan 285 V dengan beban nominal. Tentukan Ra dan VR (voltage regulation) jika Ish 6 A dan tegangan tanpa beban 264 V. .IL = P/V = 400 A. .Ia = 406 A. .Ra = 0.086 . VR = (VNL VFL) / VFL = 5.6 %

26.23 Generator dg eksitasi terpisah 150 V, 1800 rpm, diberi penguatan tetap. Tentukan tegangan tanpa beban generator tersebut pada kecepatan 2400 rpm dan kecepatan 1500 rpm. .E = cn .Penguatan tetap -> Vf tetap -> tetap.

E1 n1 E 2 n2
.E2400 = 200 V. .E1500 = 125 V

 DC Motor

24-8. A dc series motor takes 40 A at 220 V and runs at 800 rpm. If the armature and field resistance are 0.2 and 0.1 respectively and the iron and friction losses are 0.5 kW, find the torque developed in the armature. What will be the output of the motor? Solution Armature torque is given by Ta

E Ia Nm 2n

.Find E = 208 V. .Find Ta (n = 800 rpm = 40/3 rps.) = 99.3 Nm

Motor Input Copper Losses Driving power in armature EIa Watt VI Watt Iron and Friction Losses Output HP

.Find Pin = 8800 W. .Find Cu loss = 480 W. .Find Pout = 7820 W.

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24-12. A 460-V series motor runs at 500 rpm taking a current of 40 A. Calculate the speed and percentage change in torque if the load is reduced so that the motor is taking 30 A. Total resistance of the armature and field circuits is 0.8 . Assume flux is proportional to
the field current. Solution
n1 E1 / 1 n2 E 2 / 2

1 I a1 2 I a2

Since

~ Ia, hence T ~ Ia ~ Ia2

.Find E1 = 428 V. .Find E2 = 436 V. .Find n2 = 679 rpm.

.Now find change in torque Since ~ Ia, hence T ~ Ia ~ Ia2 T1 ~ 402 and T2 ~ 302;

T2/T1 = 9/16;
12

Percentage change in torque is = (T1-T2)/T1 x 100 = 7/16 x 100 = 43.75%.

24-18. A shunt generator delivers 50 kW at 250 V & 400 rpm. The armature & field resistances are 0.02 and 50 respectively. Calculate the speed of the machine running as a shunt motor and taking 50 kW input at 250 V. Allow 1 V per brush for contact drop. Solution

250 V generator E cn E1 n11 E2 n2 2

As a Generator E1 (induced emf in the armature) Load current, I = 50 kW / 250 V = 200 A E1 = V + IaRa + brush drop = 256.1 V.

250 V motor

Obviously, if this machine were to run as a motor at 400 rpm, it would have a back emf of 256.1 V induced in its armature. As a Motor E2 = V - IaRa - brush drop = 244.1 V (1 = 2, because Ish is constant)

n2 = 381.4 rpm

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24-19. A dc shunt machine generates 250 V on open circuit at 1000 rpm. Effective armature resistance is 0.5 , field resistance is 250 . Input to machine running as motor on no-load is 4 A at 250 V. Calculate speed of machine as a motor taking 40 A at 250 V. Armature reactions weakens field by 4 %.

If

Iline Ia

Solution
n1 E1 / 1 n2 E 2 / 2

generator

.First, we need no-load speed of the motor. This is calculated from the generator data. No-load .Find E of the machine as motor on no-load -> E0 = 248.5 V. .Next, the sentence generates 250 V on open circuit at 1000 rpm means that when n = 1000 rpm, it generates 250 V (E = V = 250 V). .Find no-load speed (n0) -> n0 = 994 rpm. Loaded .Find E as loaded motor -> E1 = 230.5 V. .Find loaded speed from the no-load data, considering the weakened field -> n1 = 885 rpm.

24-21. A 200-V dc shunt motor takes 4 A at no-load when running at 700 rpm. Field resistance is 100 . Armature resistance at standstill gave a drop of 6 V across armature terminal when 10 A were passed through it. Normal input of the motor is 8 kW. Calculate: a. speed on load. b. torque c. efficiency. Solution a. .Find E0 = 198.8 V. Find E1 = 177.2 V. Find n1 = 623.9 rpm. b. (n is in rps!) .Find Ta = 103 Nm. c. Find constant losses by following calculation: .Find no-load power input = 800 W. .Find Armature Cu loss (no-load) = 2.4 W. .Constant losses = 800 W 2.4 W = 797.6 W. Full-Load .Find Armature Cu loss (full-load) = 866.4 W. .Total full-load losses = constant losses + full-load Cu loss = 1664 W .Find full-load Pout = 6336 W. .Find full-load efficiency = 79.2%

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24-22. The input to a 220-V dc shunt motor is 11 kW. The no-load current = 5 A; no-load speed = 1150 rpm; Ra = 0.5 ; Rf = 110 ; Calculate: a. Torque developed b. Efficiency c. Speed at this load Solution
a. and c.

If

Iline Ia

generator

E Ia Nm 2n .Find E when loaded = 196 V. .Find E no-load = 218.5 V. .Find n when loaded = 1031 rpm. .Find Ta = 87.1 Nm. Ta

b.

.Find Pout .Find constant losses. .Pin no-load = 1100 W. .Constant losses = Pin no-load Arm Cu loss = 1095.5 W.
Motor Input
Copper Losses Driving power in armature EIa Watt VI Watt Iron and Friction Losses Output HP

.Pout = Pin constant losses Arm Cu loss = 8752 W. (because Field Cu loss is included in constant losses) .Efficiency = 79.6 %

24-23. A 200-V dc series motor has an armature resistance of 0.4 , field resistance of 0.6 . It runs at a speed of 1000 rpm taking a current of 10 A against a full-load torque. If the load torque is reduced to 64%, calculate the speed of the motor. Solution
n1 E1 / 1 n2 E 2 / 2

1 I a1 2 I a2

Since

~ Ia, hence T ~ Ia ~ Ia2 T2 / T1 = I22 / I12 0.64 = I22 / I12 -> I2 = 8 A.

Find E1 = 190 V. Find E2 = 192 V. Find n2 = 1263 rpm

24-31. A 500-V dc shunt motor takes 5 A on no-load. Ra = 0.22 . Rf = 250 . When loaded, it takes 100 A. a. Find the efficiency. b. Find the percentage change of speed.

If

Iline Ia

Solution

generator

25-2. A 250 V dc shunt motor has a shunt field resistance of 250 and armature resistance of 0.25 . For a given load torque the motor runs at 1500 rpm, drawing an armature current of 20 A. If a resistance of 250 is inserted in series with the field, & the load torque remaining the same, find out the new speed and armature current. Assume the magnetization curve to be linear. Solution In this case, the motor speed is changed by changing the flux.

n2 E 2 / 2 n1 E1 / 1

It's given that the magnetization curve is linear, means that flux is directly proportional to field current
n2 E 2 / I f 2 n1 E 1 / I f 1

Since load torque remains the same, Ta ~ 1Ia1 ~ 2Ia2 -> 1Ia1 = 2Ia2

I a 2 I a1

I f1 1 I a1 40 A 2 If2

E2 = 240 V E1 = 245 V n2 = 2938 rpm

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25-3. A 250 V dc shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.5 and a field resistance of 250 . When driving a load of constant torque at 600 rpm, the armature current is 20 A. If the speed is to be raised from 600 to 800 rpm, what resistance should be inserted in the shunt field circuit? Assume that The magnetic current is unsaturated
If Iline Ia

E1 / I f 1 n1 E 1 / 1 Solution ~ n2 E2 / 2

E2 / I f 2

The magnetic current is unsaturated means that the flux is proportional to the shunt current.

generator

.We need to calculate E1 and E2. Finds E1 = 240 V. .To calculate E2 we need Ia2. Since the motor is driving a load of constant torque, Ta ~ 1Ia1 ~ 2Ia2 -> 1Ia1 = 2Ia2 -> Ish1Ia1 = Ish2Ia2
.Find Ish1 = 1 A. .Find Ish2 = 250/Rtot -> (Rtot is the total resistance) .Find Ia2 = 2Rtot/25 -> then calculate E2 = 250 (Rtot/25)

.Find Rtot = 337.5 -> find additional resistance = 87.5 .

**25-15 A 240-V dc series motor takes 40 A when giving its rated output at 1500 rpm. Its resistance is 0.3 . Find what resistance must be added to obtain rated torque:
a. at starting?

b. at 1000 rpm?
Solution

Since torque remains the same in both cases, its obvious that current drawn by the motor remains constant 40 A (.:. Ta ~ Ia2)

a. Find the added resistance by: E = V IaR -> Radd = 5.7

b. Find E1 = 428 V. Find E2 = 436 V. Find n2 = 679 rpm.

25-16. A dc series motor runs at 500 rpm on 230 V, drawing a current of 55 A. The resistance of the machine is 0.15 . Calculate the value of the series resistance to add, if the speed should be reduced to 300 rpm and the load torque being then half of the previous value. Take flux proportional to current.
Solution T1 ~ Ia12 -> (T2 / T1) = (Ia1/Ia2)2

Finds Ia2 = 38.89 A. Finds E1 = 221.75 V. Finds E2 = 230 38.89xRtot Finds Rtot = 3.09

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Transformer

1.2 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS (A 1:1 transformer) For open circuit measurements of Voc=114.81 VAC, ioc=0.24 A, and Poc=6.4 W, the parallel parameters of the transformer are calculated in Equations (5) and (6).
(5)

(6)

For short circuit measurements of Vsc=11.14 VAC, isc=3.88 A, Psc=6.1 W, the series parameters of the transformer are calculated in Equations (7) and (8).
(7) (8)