Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Most modern networks rely on two basic elements to get information to its destination
IP Addresses
Numeric address to an individual computer Example: 127.0.0.1
Host Names
A human readable name of a machine Computers need a DNS Server to translate a Host Name into an IP Address for this to be useful
IPv4
Current standard in the US Uses 4 octets for the address Example: 192.168.20.1 Problems:
No Built-in security Limited number of addresses
Around 4 Billion addresses
IPv6
Next major version of IP Built-in security A very large amount of addresses
IPv4 uses 32 bits for addresses IPv6 uses 128 bits for addresses
IPv4 vs IPv6
Number of addresses
IPv4
4,294,967,296 (4 billion)
IPv6
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 (340 trillion, trillion, trillion)
To use up every single IPv6 addresses we would need to stack ten billion computers on top of each other over the entire world including the sea.
Ping
Used to test if a network resource is available Sends a small ICMP packet to the destination They respond back with an acknowledgment
Traceroute
Determines how many hops it takes to get to a destination Finds information about the hops
Latency Name IP Address
Useful for determining the location of a problem Traceroute uses increasingtime-to-live settings in the IP packets to get this information
Linux has some extra tools used for gathering network information
Host Dig Jwhois
10
11
13
There are many linux programs that will allow you to connect to machines remotely
ssh ftp sftp rsh scp
14
15
In general, normal ftp should only be used for publicly available uploads/downloads
Files that are available to the public anyways
16
17
Remote Shell
Allows you to run programs on a remote machine through your terminal window You can only connect to machines that trust you
Each machine needs to be added to trusted list manually Eliminates the possibility of hackers easily taking over a machine
18
Secure cp
Creates a ssh connection Allows you to copy a file over an encrypted connection
More secure that ftp
19