ELECTRICAL MACHINE & CONTROL

ECT0313

Chapter 1
Introduction

Type of electrical machine

Static Machine >Transformer Step down voltage Revolving Machine > Motor > Generator Electrical to mechanical

Magnetic Field
Magnetic field flow from North to South

S
Sample of Magnetic field

N N

Magnetic field shown by iron filling on paper

Type of Magnet
Permanent Magnet A permanent magnet retains its magnetism without an external magnetic field Inducing magnetism in steel results in a permanent magnet but iron loses its magnetism when the inducing field is withdrawn. Electro Magnet Electrical moving through a wire, the resulting field is directed according to the "right hand rule." the reverse of the direction of actual movement of electrons, then the magnetic field will wrap around the wire in the direction indicated by the fingers of the right hand.

Principles Involved
Bar Magnet
Solenoid Magnet M a g n e t i c F i e l d

C u r r e n t

Magnetic Flux Density

S
Low Density

B A

S
High Density

B = Density

= Flux
A= Area

Electromagnetism

Flux line of winding

Corkscrew Principle
The rule predicts the direction of the magnetic field around a straight, currentcarrying conductor.

 Imagine that you are using a right-handed corkscrew, so that it moves forward in the direction of the current flow. Then, the direction of rotation of the handle is the direction of the magnetic field lines around the conductor.

Corkscrew Principle Out

conductor

Anti clock wise

Clock wise

Into conductor

Corkscrew Principle

*I = Current
Conductor

Denotes current flowing in

Denotes current flowing out

Hand Rule

Right hand rule for GENERATOR

Left hand rule for MOTOR

Induction-Induced Voltage

Lenzs Law
An induced current flows in a direction to create a magnetic field which will counteract the change in magnetic flux.

or
An induced electromagnetic force generates a current that induces a counter magnetic field that opposes the

magnetic field generating the current.

Flemings Left Hand Rule

Also known as Fleming's Left Hand Motor Rule. If you point your left forefinger in the direction of the magnetic field, and your second finger in the direction of the current flow, then your thumb will point naturally in the direction of the resulting force.

Right Hand Rule

Torque , M
Shaft r Pulley F

N r.p.m

F = Force r = Radius N= Speed in r.p.m

The turning or twisting moment of a force about an axis is called Torque Torque, M = F x r newton-metres (N-m)

Mechanical Power (Pmech)

Power = The ability to do work

FS Work t

S 2rN

F = Force S = Distance t= Time (Second)

2 M N Pmech Pout watt 60

And input power, Pin

F 2r N Pmech Pout 60
Whereby: M=Fr

Pin=I x V watt

Efficiency of machine@motor:

Pout 100 Pin

Motors Rating Plate

Chapter 2
DC Motors Series, Shunt and Compound Motors

Construction of DC Machine
Terminal Box Field Pole

Armature Winding

Brushes

Armature Core

Shaft

Frame or Yoke

Field Winding Commutator

DC Motor Rotation
A simple DC electric motor. When the coil is powered, a magnetic field is generated around the armature. The left side of the armature is pushed away from the left magnet and drawn toward the right, causing rotation.

DC Motor Rotation
The armature continues to rotate.

DC Motor Rotation
When the armature becomes horizontally aligned, the commutator reverses the direction of current through the coil, reversing the magnetic field. The process then repeats.