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Curve
Curve Entities
• All existing CAD systems provide users
with curve entities, which can be divided
into analytic and synthetic entities.
Analytic entities are points, lines, arcs and
circles, fillets and chambers, and conies
(ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas).
Synthetic entities include various types of
spline (cubic spline and B-spline) and
Bezier curves.
Tables 6.1 to 6.5 show the most common methods
utilized by CAD systems to create curve entities
Surface
• Shape design and the representation of complex objects
such as car, ship, and airplane bodies as well as
castings cannot be achieved utilizing the curves . In such
cases, surfaces must be utilized to describe objects
precisely and accurately. We create surfaces, and then
we use them to cut and trim solid features and primitives
to obtain the models of the complex objects. Surface
creation usually begins with data points or curves.
• Surface creation on CAD/CAM systems usually requires
curves as a start. A surface might require two boundary
curves, as in the case of a ruled surface that we cover in
this chapter. All curves can be used to generate
surfaces. In order to visualize surfaces on a computer
screen, a mesh, say m x n in size, is usually displayed.
The mesh size is controllable by the user.
Surface Entities
• During surface creation on a CAD/CAM system, you
should follow the modeling guidelines and strategies.
Moreover, you should be careful when selecting curves
to create surfaces. Selecting the mismatching ends of
curves results in twisted surfaces as shown in Figure
7.1. The figure shows how the wrong ruled surface is
created if its defining curves are selected near the wrong
ends. The +'s in the figure indicate the selection
locations. In such a case, the user deletes the surface
and recreates it by selecting the matching ends. As a
general rule, a CAD system uses the midpoint of a curve
to interpret the user's click on a curve. If he click is on
the right half of the curve, its right end point is selected,
and vice versa.
Figure 7.1 Construction of improper and proper surfaces.