MOLLUSCS,

CRUSTACEANS
& CEPHALOPODS
 Shrimp
 Shrimp are small animals that
live on the floor of oceans and
lakes. There are over 2,000
different species of shrimp
worldwide. Shrimp are
invertebrates (animals lacking
a backbone) that have a tough
exoskeleton.
 Anatomy: Shrimp range from a
small fraction of an inch to 9
inches (a few mm to 23 cm)
long. These crustaceans have
a thin, smooth, hard, and
almost transparent
exoskeleton. Shrimp vary
widely in color; tropical
varieties are often brightly
colored. Shrimp have 5 pairs of
jointed walking legs on the
thorax, and they have 5 pairs of
swimming legs (swimmerets)
and 3 pairs of maxillae (feeding
appendages) on the abdomen.
The body, legs, swimmerets,
and other appendages are
segmented. Shrimp have two
pairs of segmented sensory
antennae, a tail fan, and
compound eyes.
 Diet: Shrimp are omnivores; they eat plants and
small animals. The unusual pistol shrimp kills or
stuns its prey by making a very loud sound with a
huge claw with a moveable, snapping appendage.
 Life Cycle: Female shrimp lay over a thousand eggs,
which are attached to her swimming legs. The shrimp
emerge as tiny, floating organisms, a component of
zooplankton. After growing, they sink to the bottom,
where they will live. As a shrimp grows, it often molts
(losing its old shell and growing a new one).
 Predators: Shrimp are eaten by many animals,
including many fish, many birds (including flamingos
and loons), octopi, squid, cuttlefish, and people.
 Scallop
 Scallops are bivalves; they have two hard shells and
a soft body;
 they spend most of their time on the sea bottom.
 Scallops mostly stay in underwater grass beds on a
soft, shallow sea floor.
 Scallops use jet propulsion to move; they quickly
open and close their shells, squirting the water out of
the shells, moving in spurts.
 These invertebrate animals have a life span of about
1 1/2 years.
 Diet: Scallops eat microscopic food, like algae and
plankton that floats through the water.
 Predators of the Scallop:Many animals eat
scallops, including sea stars, crabs, and people.
 Anatomy: The two hard
shells (also called valves)
are attached by a muscular
hinge called the adductor
muscle
 The Bay Scallop is about 3
inches (8 cm) in diameter;
other scallops can reach 8
inches (20 cm) in diameter.
 The shell is secreted by the
mantle, which is a thin sheet
of tissue located between
the shell and the body.
 Scallops have many
primitive eyes; they can only
sense changed in light and
motion, helping them to
detect predators.
 Sea Urchin
 The sea urchin is a spiny, hard-shelled animal that lives on the
rocky seafloor, from shallow waters to great depths. These
globular marine invertebrates move very slowly along the
seabed.
 There are about 700 different species of sea urchins worldwide.
Many sea urchins have venomous spines. The biggest sea
urchin is the red sea urchin (Strongylocentratus franciscanus); it
has a test about 7 inches (18 cm) in diameter.
 Diet: Sea urchins eat plant and animal matter, including kelp,
decaying matter, algae, dead fish, sponges, mussels, and
barnacles.
 Predators of Sea Urchins: Sea urchins are eaten by crabs,
sunflower stars, snails, sea otters, some birds, fish (including
wolf eels), and people.
 Adult Anatomy: Adult sea
urchins have five-sided radial
symmetry. Their skin has hard,
chalky plates, and is called the
test. Sea urchins have a
globular body and long spines
that radiate from the body. The
spines are used for protection,
for moving,and for trapping
drifting algae to eat. Among the
spines are five paired rows of
tiny tube feet with suckers that
help with locomotion, capturing
food, and holding onto the
seafloor. Tiny pedicellarines are
small stinging structures that
are used for defense and for
obtaining food. Like all
echinoderms, sea urchins do
not have a brain. The mouth is
claw-like and is located on the
underside; it has 5 tooth-like
plates that point inwards and
are called Aristotle's lantern.
The anus and the genital pores
are on the top of the sea urchin.
 Oysters
 Oysters are soft-bodied animals that have two hard, protective
shells (a bivalve). They spend their entire lives in one
underwater location.
 The shape of the oyster's shells varies, depending mostly upon
how crowded they are in the oyster bed.

Pearls: Pearls are sometimes found in oysters. When a grain of
sand (or other irritating substance) gets stuck between the
oyster's mantle and shell, the oyster secrets nacre. This shiny
substance coats the grain of sand, and over the years, forms a
lustrous pearl.

 Predators of the Oyster: Many animals eat oysters, including

whelks, sea stars, and people.
 Anatomy: The two hard, rough-
textured shells are attached by a
muscular hinge (the adductor
muscles) at the narrow end.
 The shell is generated by the
mantle, a thin layer of tissue
separating the shell from the
soft body.
 When an oyster is threatened, it
closes its shells, using the very
strong adductor muscle. Oysters
draw in water through their gills,
and extract oxygen and filter out
floating algae (which they use
for food).
 An oyster changes its sex during
its life; it starts out as a male
and often ends as a female.
 The largest oysters are up to 3
feet (1 m) long, but most are a
few inches long.
 Clams
 Clams are animals that burrow under the sea floor.
They are bivalves, mollusks that have two shells that
protect a soft body.
 There are over 15,000 different species of clams
worldwide. The biggest clam is the Giant Clam,
Tridacna gigas; it is up to 4.8 feet (1.5 m) long and
weighs up to 550 pounds (250 kg).
 Most clams are only a few inches long.

Predators of the Clam: Many animals eat clams,
including eels, sea stars, whelks, and people.
 Anatomy and Diet: Clams
come in many colors, including
shades of brown, red-brown,
yellow, cream, etc.
 The two shells are attached by
a muscular hinge (the
adductor muscle). When a
clam is threatened, most
clams will pull their soft body
into into the shells and close
the shells tightly for protection.
 The foot is used to burrow into
the sand.
 Clams use their tube-like
siphon to draw in water, from
which they extract oxygen and
filter plankton (tiny plants that
they eat).
 CEPHALOPODS
 CLASSIFICATION:
 Cephalopods means head-foot. They have tentacles or legs
attached to the head surrounding the mouth.
 squids, calamari in Italian, calmar in French
 cuttlefish: larger than a squid with a shorter body
 octopus
 NB: The ink of squid or cuttlefish can be used to darken
and enrich a sauce or to make black pasta.
 CHARACTERISTICS:
 there are hundreds of species but only few are commonly
eaten.
 they grow in tropical and warm water.
 squid is the most widely available edible member of the
family.
 squid are considered to be the sweeter and the more
tender.
 octopus or very large squid must be tenderized
 MARKET FORM:
 Frozen whole
 Frozen cleaned and cut
 Pickled, canned, canned smoked, dried
 CHECKING FRESHNESS:
 sweet smelling and moist meat
 STORAGE
 must be well frozen when received.
 must be thawed according to hygiene
regulations.
 in refrigerator
 under cold running water
 microwave
 SQUID
 Squid live in salt water.
 They eat fish, shrimp and other marine animals.
When a squid finds a school of fish, it grabs one.
 The squid uses its arms to hold the fish near its
mouth, then bites off chunks with its beak.
 Squids do not have external shells. Their mantles are
easily seen on the outside of their bodies.
 Squid come in many sizes. They range from less
than an inch to more than sixty feet.
 Squid can change color. They often change color
when they are disturbed.
HOW TO CLEAN A SQUID:
1. Pull off the head with the interior organs.
2. Pull off the skin
3. Pull out the plastic-like semi trans-parent quill
from the body sac.
4. Rinse out the sac to clean it well.
5. Cut off tentacles above the eyes.
6. Discard the head and organs.
7. Remove the hard beak which is found at the
center of the tentacles cluster. Rinse well.
8. Prepare and cut according to the recipe.
 STANDARD PORTION
 6 oz, 180 g cleaned meat
 COOKING:
 quick cooking over high heat: stir-fry,
deep frying and sauté
 slow cooking: braised and stewed
 when done should be fairly tender
 TYPICAL DISHES:
 Grilled squid, with vinaigrette
 Deep-fried, coated in corn semolina
 À la majorquine: stewed with bell peppers
and wine
 Stir-fry in Asia
 Cuttlefish
 The cuttlefish is a marine animal that has eight arms, two
tentacles, and a soft body. It is a cephalopod, a fast-swimming,
intelligent mollusk that can change its skin color and spew ink in
the water to confuse predators.
 The cuttlefish swims by using its fins and by spewing water from
its body (a type of jet propulsion). The cuttlefish is nocturnal; it
hunts during the night, and it hides and rests during the day. It
has a life span of about 18 months.
 Diet: Cuttlefish eat fish, small mollusks (snails, clams, other
cuttlefish, etc.), worms, crabs, and shrimp. Prey are killed with a
venomous bite fom the beak.
 Predators and Protection: The cuttlefish is eaten by sharks,
fish and other cuttlefish. In order to escape predators, a
cuttlefish can squirt black ink into the water, allowing it to
escape. Another defense that cuttlefish have is changing their
skin color to blend into the background, camouflaging
themselves.
 Anatomy: Cuttlefish average
about 1 ft (30 cm) long.
Cuttlefish have eight arms
and two tentacles that
surround the mouth and
beak;
 the tentacles are often kept
in a pouch under the eyes.
 The body of the cuttlefish
(the cuttle) is flattened and
has fins that extend along the
entire length of the mantle.
 The skin changes both color
and pattern to mimic the
environment.
 The cuttlebone is a gas-filled
shell inside the mantle that
lets the cuttlefish regulate its
buoyancy (the ability to float
or sink).
 Cuttlebones are used as
calcium supplements for pet
birds and for polishing silver
(when powdered).