SIKLUS DI BOILER

Oleh Dr.-Ing. Anton Irawan, ST., MT

Teknik Kimia
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa
1

Introduction

What is a Boiler?
Vessel that heats water to become hot water or steam At atmospheric pressure water volume increases 1,600 times

Hot water or steam used to transfer heat to a process

2

UNEP 2006

Introduction
STEAM TO PROCESS
EXHAUST GAS VENT

STACK

DEAERATOR

PUMPS
ECONOMIZER

VENT

BOILER
BURNER WATER SOURCE

BLOW DOWN SEPARATOR

FUEL
BRINE CHEMICAL FEED SOFTENERS

Figure: Schematic overview of a boiler room

UNEP 2006

Training Agenda: Boiler

Introduction

Type of boilers
Assessment of a boiler Energy efficiency opportunities

UNEP 2006

Types of Boilers
What Type of Boilers Are There?
1. Fire Tube Boiler
2. Water Tube Boiler 3. Packaged Boiler 4. Fluidized Bed (FBC) Boiler 5. Stoker Fired Boiler 6. Pulverized Fuel Boiler 7. Waste Heat Boiler

8. Thermic Fluid Heater (not a boiler!)

5

UNEP 2006

Type of Boilers

1. Fire Tube Boiler

Relatively small steam capacities (12,000 kg/hour) Low to medium steam pressures (18 kg/cm2) Operates with oil, gas or solid fuels
6

(Light Rail Transit Association)

UNEP 2006

Type of Boilers 2. Water Tube Boiler

Used for high steam demand and pressure requirements Capacity range of 4,500 120,000 kg/hour Combustion efficiency enhanced by induced draft provisions Lower tolerance for water quality and needs 7 water treatment plant
UNEP 2006

(Your Dictionary.com)

Type of Boilers 3. Packaged Boiler

To Chimney

Comes in complete package

Oil Burner

Features High heat transfer Faster evaporation Good convective heat transfer Good combustion efficiency High thermal efficiency
Classified based on number of passes 8
UNEP 2006

(BIB Cochran, 2003)

Type of Boilers 4. Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Boiler

Particles (e.g. sand) are suspended in high velocity air stream: bubbling fluidized bed
Combustion at 840 950 C Capacity range 0,5 T/hr to 100 T/hr Fuels: coal, washery rejects, rice husk, bagasse and agricultural wastes Benefits: compactness, fuel flexibility, higher combustion efficiency, reduced SOx & NOx
9

UNEP 2006

Type of Boilers
4a. Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion (AFBC) Boiler
Most common FBC boiler that uses preheated atmospheric air as fluidization and combustion air

4b. Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) Boiler

Compressor supplies the forced draft and combustor is a pressure vessel Used for cogeneration or combined cycle power generation

10

UNEP 2006

Type of Boilers
4c. Atmospheric Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) Boiler
Solids lifted from bed, rise, return to bed Steam generation in convection section Benefits: more economical, better space utilization and efficient combustion
11

(Thermax Babcock & Wilcox Ltd, 2001)

UNEP 2006

Type of Boilers 5. Stoke Fired Boilers

a) Spreader stokers
Coal is first burnt in suspension then in coal bed Flexibility to meet load fluctuations Favored in many industrial applications

12

UNEP 2006

Type of Boilers 5. Stoke Fired Boilers

b) Chain-grate or traveling-grate stoker
Coal is burnt on moving steel grate
Coal gate controls coal feeding rate

Uniform coal size for complete combustion

13

(University of Missouri, 2004)

UNEP 2006

Type of Boilers 6. Pulverized Fuel Boiler

Pulverized coal powder blown with combustion air into boiler through burner nozzles Combustion temperature at 1300 1700 C
Benefits: varying coal quality coal, quick response to load changes and high preheat air temperatures

Tangential firing

14

UNEP 2006

Type of Boilers 7. Waste Heat Boiler

Used when waste heat available at medium/high temp Auxiliary fuel burners used if steam demand is more than the waste heat can generate Used in heat recovery from exhaust gases from gas turbines and diesel engines 15
UNEP 2006

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2001

PROSES PRODUKSI LISTRIK DI PLTU

16

SIKLUS RANGKINE

1-2 Kompresi isentropi pada pompa 2-3 Penambahan panas pada tekanan tetap di boiler 3-4 Ekspansi isentropi pada turbin 4 -1 Pengeluaran panas pada tekanan tetap di kondensor
17

18

EFISIENSI THERMAL

19

KETIDAK IDEALAN SIKLUS RANKINE

20

21

22

PENINGKATAN EFISIENSI THERMAL

Penurunan Tekanan Kondensor Peningkatan temperatur steam keluar Peningkatan tekanan boiler

23

Penurunan Tekanan Kondensor

Penurunan tekanan kondensor akan menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan kerja yang dihasilkan pada turbin tetapi juga menyebabkan peningkatan kerja yang diberikan pada pompa tetapi bila dilihat dari luas area maka peningkatan kerja yang dihasilkan oleh turbin lebih besar 24

Peningkatan Temperatur Steam

Peningkatan temperatur steam yang masuk ke turbin akan meningkatan kerja yang dihasilkan oleh turbin. Material yang tahan temperatur tinggi perlu dipertimbangkan
25

Peningkatan Tekanan di Boiler

Peningkatan temperatur steam dapat dilakukan dengan peningkatan tekanan di boiler tetapi menyebabkan moisture pada keluaran turbin
26

27

28

29

30

31

SIKLUS RANKIN DENGAN PEMANASAN KEMBALI

32

33

34

35

36

37