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Definitions and depth zonation Survival strategies Role in the structure and function of wetlands
Hydrophytes
Any macrophyte that grows in water or on a substrate that is at least periodically deficient in oxygen as a result of excessive water content; plants typically found in wet habitats. drier wetter
The presence of hydrophytes is one of three elements comprising the definition of a wetland.
2. Wetland Training Institute 1987. Field Guide for Wetland Delineation, Corps of Engineers Manual
Their ancestors came out of the water and were transformed into aerial organisms, then individual members of these groups re-adapted to return to the water.
Structural Groups
Free-floating
Emergent
Floating-leaf Submersed
Structural Groups
Emergents
Plants whose roots and basal portions grow beneath the surface of shallow water but whose leaves and stems are born primarily in the air.
Examples include bulrush, cattails, arrowhead, rushes, sedges, and many shoreline plants. Depths -0.5m - 1.5m
Image from University of Florida Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plant Information Retrieval System
Structural Groups
Floating-Leaf
Plants whose leaves float on the waters surface but their roots are anchored in the substrate.
Depths 0.5 m - 3 m
Structural Groups
Free Floating
Plants that float with most of their body above the waters surface. Roots, if present, hang free in the water. Depths variable
Structural Groups
Submersed
Plants that spend their entire life cycle, with the possible exception of flowering, beneath the surface of the water. Depths to 10 m
Hydrilla
Overview
Part II. Strategies for life under water:
1. Oxygen exchange
2.
3. 4.
Photosynthesis
Obtaining nutrients Structural support
Oxygen Exchange
as far as hydrophytes are concerned, oxygen is a rare and precious commodity.
Agnes Arber, 1920 Water Plants
Cells in root tissue respire, in terrestrial plants oxygen is obtained from air spaces in the soil. Although oxygen may be present in the water column, respiration by aquatic biota and by soil organisms, together with slow diffusion of oxygen in water, results in anoxic conditions in the soil
Structural adaptations a. Aerenchyma b. Special organs or responses i. Adventitious roots ii. Stem elongation iii. Lenticels iv. Pneumatophores c. Pressurized gas flow
Adventitious roots
Pneumatophores
Lenticels
www.pssc.ttu.edu/pss1411cd/PLANTID/ glossary/glossary.htm
Pear tree
Oxygen Exchange
Aerenchyma
Large intercellular structures (pore spaces) which extend throughout the entire plant and allow for the storage and transport of gas to the submerged roots.
aka Lacunae
Image from University of Florida Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plant Information Retrieval System
more on aerenchyma.. Development of aerenchyma in individual plants stimulated by flooding Formed by increased cellulase activity (cell lysis) or cell separation in cortex Pore space in submerged portions of plant as high as 60% (compared to 7% in terrestrial plants)
From Arber, Agnes 1920 Water Plants. Cambridge University PressWater Plants, p.190.
Oxygen Exchange
Emergent and floating plants obtain oxygen directly from the atmosphere through stomata on the leaves.
Oxygen Exchange
Convective flow of gas in water lilies. Pressurized gas transport is induced by humidity and thermal gradients.
Figure from Brix, H. 1993. Macrophyte-Mediated Oxygen Transfer in Weltands: Transport Mechanisms and Rates in Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement, Moshiri, ed. p. 394.
Responses to Flooding
Flooding
Increased sensitivity to gibberellic acid Ethylene buildup Petiole cell elongation
Cellulase activity
Increased aerenchyma
Ethylene dissipates
Oxygen Exchange
Submersed plants must obtain dissolved oxygen from the water. Leaves have high surface area to volume ratio, cuticle is absent
O2
Photosynthesis
Submersed plants have their photosynthetic maximum at lower light levels (ca. 15% full sun or less) Light intensity is believed to be the limiting factor in determining the maximum depth at which an aquatic plant can survive (although for rooted plants it could be gas transport)
Photosynthesis
Not all submersed species are equally adapted to low light:
Elodea densa optimum at 107 lux (0.3% full sun) whereas Heteranthera dubia optimum at
6350 lux (18%)
All submersed
Obtaining Nutrients
Obtaining Nutrients
Submersed Plants
Some foliar uptake may occur, especially in waters with high nutrient concentrations.
Free floating macrophytes obtain nutrients directly from the water through foliar absorption and through water roots. The unrooted macroalga Chara absorbs P equally well in all parts (Littlefield and
Forsberg 1965)
Chara