GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

Father of Pharmacology Rudolf Buchhiem Father of Medicine Hippocrates Father of Polypharmacy Galen Father of American Pharmacology- John Jacob Abel Nitrogenous active principle Alkaloid Glycosides contain sugar and non sugar part Non biodegradable implant is Sialistic Drug transport Diffusion, Filtration Specialised transport Active transport, facilitated diffusion,Pinocytosis

 BIOTRANSFORMATIONPhase I :- Oxidation, Reduction, Hydrolysis Phase II:-Conjugation (Glucuronide,Sulphate,Acetate) Glucuronide Conjugation is absent in Cats Sulphate Conjugation is absent in Pigs Acetylation is absent in Dogs EXCRETION :Glomerular filtration, Tubular secretion(Penicillin, Probenicid) Tubular reabsorption

DRUG ACTION
SPECIFIC ACTION:Receptors, Ion channels, Enzymes, carrier molecules NON SPECIFIC ACTION:Physical action : Bulk laxatives, Saline purgatives, Osmotic diuretics, Activated charcoal

DRUG- RECEPTOR INTERACTION

AGONISTS :- Full agonists (eg:- Morphine) Partial agonist Mixed agonists(eg:-Nallorphine) Inverse agonists(eg:- DMCM) ANTAGONISTS:Naloxone, Yohimbine

Therapeutic index = LD50

ED 50 Therapeutic Ratio = LD25 ED 75 Standard safety margin = LD1 ED 99

DRUG INTERACTIONS
Additive Effect : 1+1 = 2 Potentiative effect : 1+0 > 1 Synergism :1+1 > 2 Antagonism : 1+1 < 2
Chemical Antagonism :- BAL + Metal ions (As,Hg) Pb+ Dimercaprol Heparin+ Protamine sulphate

 Functional Antagonism:- Acetyl choline+ Adrenaline Receptor Antagonism :Competitive:- Morphine+ Naloxone Non competitive (Irriversible):- Op compounds Factors affecting 1. ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION MgSO4 :- Orally (Purgative), Externally(Osmotic), i/v(CNS depression) 2.SPECIES Atropine is non toxic to rabbit because of the enzyme Atropinase 3.BREED :- Greyhounds are more susceptible to thiobarbiturates. 4. Sex:- Male mice more susceptible to nephrotoxic effect of chloroform. Females are more susceptible to adverse drug effects.

 AGE:- Very young and very old animals are more susceptible PREGNANCY:- Oral anticoagulants are more toxic to
pregnant animals LACTATION:-Enhances the excretion of lipophilic drugs GENETIC STATUS :- Low level pseudocholinesterase show prolonged muscular relaxation and apnoea with Suxamethonium . NUTRITIONAL STATUS :- Paracetamol more hepatotoxic in animals with protein deficiency Tachyphylaxis:- Rapid development of tolerance due to repeated administration of drugs(eg Ephedrine, Tyramine)

ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS 1. Exaggerated effect:- Haemorrhage occurs due to over dosage of Anticoagulants 2. Side effect:- Antihistaminics produce drowsiness 3. Secondary effects:- Corticosteroids Suppress defense mechanism 4. Intolerance:-Exaggerated pharmacologic effects 5. Hypersensitivity reactions:- Beta lactam antibiotics 6. Idiosyncrasy:-Genetic defect.(Halothane anaesthesia in pigs) 7. Photosensitization:- Lantana, Phenothiazine 8. Carcinogenicity 9. Mutagenicity 10. Teratogenicity

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Cholinergic receptors for Acetyl choline are of 2 type Nicotine- Nm, Nn Muscarinic m1,m2,m3,m4,m5 Adrenergic receptors for Nor epinephrine Alpha- 1, 2 Order:- Norepinephrine ( )>Epinephrine( )>Isoproterenol() Beta-1, 2, 3 Sympathomimetic amines:Exogenous catecholamines:- Isoproterenol,Ephedrine. Endogenous catecholamines:- Epinephrine,Nor epinephrine, Dopamine

 Inactivation Of Sympathomimetic amines

Tissue uptake mechanism:Uptake1:-Back to presynaptic nerve terminal Uptake2:-Into effector tissue ,metabolised by MAO and COMT PHARMACOLOGIC AL EFFECTS 1 :- Stimulation 2 :- Depression 1 :- Stimulation 2 :- Dialatation Dopamine receptors D1:-Vasodilatation of renal and mesenteric blood vessels D2:-Decreases BP,Vasodialation 1 :- Positive enotropic effect 1 :-Vaso constriction

 USES OF EPINEPHRINE
Reduces bronchospasm Treat hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis Prolong local anaesthetic effects Control local haemorrhage Nor epinephrine To correct hypertention induced by spinal anaesthesia

USES OF DOPAMINE
Cardiogenic shock Septic shock Acute heart failure

 Direct acting drugs

Epinephrine Nor epinephrine Phenyl ephrine Isoproterenol Metaproterenol Terbutalin

Non catecholamines
Phenyl ephrine,Dobutamine,Ephedrine,Phenyl propanolamine,Amphetamine

 Adrenergic Antagonists
Non selective-(1)Haloalkylamine/Alkylating agents Eg:-Phenoxybenzamines (2)Imidazole derivatives Eg:-Tolazoline,Phentolamine (3)Ergot Derivatives Eg:- Ergotamines,Dihydroergotamines (4) Miscellaneous (5)Neuroleptics:-Chlorpromazines,Haloperidol (6)Benzodiozoxans:- Dibozane (7)Dibenzazepine Derivatives:- Azapetine

Selective Adrenergic Antagonists

Selective 1 Prazosin,Indoramine Selective 2-Yohimbine,Atipamizole

Non Selective Adrenergic Antagonists

Propanalol,Nodolol,Pindolol,Timolol

Selective Adrenergic Antagonists

1- Metoprolol,Atenolol,Esmolol 2-Butoxamine

Both , Adrenergic Antagonists

eg:-Labetolol

 ADRENERGIC NEURON ACTING DRUGS

methyl Tyrosine Metysosin- Depletion of Catecholamines Carbidopa- Inhibit Dopa Decarboxylase Parkinsons disase along with L- Dopa methyl Dopa Form Methyl noradrenaline- False neurotransmitter-Agonist of 2 receptor-Decreases sympathetic outflow Rserpine (Rauwolfia serpentina alkaloid) Depletion of Catecholamines Bretylium Antihypertensive,antiarrhythmic

CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
Direct acting agents-(Cholinomimetic Esters) Acetyl choline,Bethenecol,Carbachol,Methacholine Cholinomimetic alkaloidsPilocarpine,Arecoline,Muscarine,Nicotine Indirect acting cholinomimetics/Choline esterase inhibitors

1.Reversible Choline esterase inhibitors Eg:- Neostigmine,Pyredostigmine,Edrophonium,Physostigmine 2.Irriversible inhibitors Eg:-OP compounds(Malathion,Parathion,Dichlorvos,Ecothiophate)

Muscarinic Action
Vascular dialation Fall in BP Depress Heart Contraction of Non vascular smooth muscles- GI tract Increase in tone activity of stomach and intestinal secretion Constriction of pupil

Nicotinic Action Skeletal muscle fasciculation and increased adrenaline secretion

CHOLINOMIMETIC ALKALOIDS
Pilocarpine from Pilocarpus goborandi P.microphyllus- Treatment of glaucoma- Stimulate muscarinic receptors. Arecoline-from Areca catechu acts on muscarinic and nicotinic receptors-Anticestodal,Purgative in in horses

Muscarine- from Amanita muscaria acts on muscarinic

receptors

Nicotine- Nicotinia tobacum- Nicotinic receptors

Indirect acting agents

Physostigmine,Neostigmine,Edrophonium Uses :- 1.To reverse the effects of competitive neuromuscular blocking drugs 2. Myasthenia gravis 3.Impaction and Atony- Physostigmine Irriversible Choline esterase inhibitors Dichlorvos,Parathion,Malathion,Fenthion,Trichlorfen,ecothiophat e,Sarin,Tabun,Di isopropyl flourophosphate Action-Interact with esteratic site of cholinesterase enzyme Symptoms Muscarinic,Nicotinic,and delayed neuropathy Treatment:Atropine- Antimuscarinic Oximes:- 2PAM,(Pyrimidine 2aldoxime,Diacetylmonoxime,Obedoxim

ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS
1. Natural alkaloids- Atropine,Hyoscine 2. Semisynthetic Homatropine,Tropicamide,-Mydriatic propantheline,Iprotropium,Hyoscine butylbromide

SELECTIVE MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR BLOCKER

m1-Pirenzepine,telenzepine

ATROPINE USES

1. Preanaesthetic (Dose- 0.045mg/Kg Body wt) 2. Antispasmodic 3. Mydriatic 4. Antidote to OP poisoning Homatropine- Mydriatic-Antisecretory-antispasmodicDiarrhoea-and GI disorders
AUTONOMIC GANGLIONIC STIMULATORY DRUGS Nicotinic stimulants:Natural alkaloids:- Nicotine,Lobeline Synthetic :-Tetraethyl ammonium,Dimethyl phenyl piperazonium Muscarinic stimulants:-Acetyl choline,Muscarine,Methacholine

AUTONOMIC GANGLIONIC BLOCKING AGENTS

Nicotine,Lobeline,Hexamethonium,Pentolinium,Pentamethoxim, Mecamylamine,Pompedine,Trimetaphan

SKELETAL MUSCLE REALAXANTS

NM BLOCKING DRUGS 1.Non depolarising/Competitive D-Tubocurarine,Pancuronium,Gallamine,Dexacurium, Vecuronium,Atracurium,Mivacurium 2.Depolarising/Non competitive Suxamethonium,Decamethonium 3.Direct acting:- Dandrolene,Quinine

 4.Centrally Acting:Methocarbamol,Carisopradol,Guaphenesin,Mephenesin,Diazep am,Chlordiazepoxide,Nuprobamate GABA derivative- Baclofen

AUTACOIDS
Histamine-Storage-Mast cell pool Non Mast cell pools INACTIVATION Histamine
Histamine N methyl transferase

N methyl Histamine
MAO

N methyl Imidazole acetic acid

Deamine oxidase

Imidazole acetic acid

 Receptors-H1,H2,H3
H1Receptors:- Contraction of bronchi and intestine .Increases capillary permeability and pruritus H2Receptors:- Gastric glands,uterus,Blood vessels,CNS H3Receptors:- Presynaptic neurons of brain modulate(Inhibit) histamine release- Triple response HISTAMINE ANTAGONISTS First generation compounds (produce drowsiness) 1.EthanolaminesDiphenhydramine,Dimenhydrinate,Carbenoxamine,Clemastine fumarate 2.Ethylene diamines:Mepyramines,Tripelennamine,Antazoline,Methapyriline.

3.Alkyl amine:- Chlorpheneramine,Pheneramine. 4.Piperazines:Hydroxyzine,Meclizine,Chlorcyclizine,Buclizine,Cennarizine 5.Phenothiazenes:-Promethazines,Trimeprazine 6.Miscellaneous:- Cyproheptadine,Phenindamine SECOND GENERATION COMPOUNDS 1.Piperidines:- Terfenadine,Astemizole,Loratidine,Fexofenadine 2.Piperazines:-Ceterizine 3.Miscellaneous :- Azelastine,Acrivastine UESES a) Symptomatic treatment of allergy b) Diphenhydramine,Cyclizine is useful in controlled prevention of motion sickness c) CNS depressant and antimuscarinic activities

SEROTONIN Synthesised from tryptophan In enterochromaffin cells of GI tractDegraded by Oxidative deamination by MAO to form 5 Hydroxy Indole Acetic acid It functions as a precursor of melatonin. Receptors :- 5HT1 to 5H7 Intravenous injection:- Triphasic response-Early fall ,brief rise ,prolonged fall in BP. Selective Agonists 5HT1A receptor Buspirone 5HT1D- Sumatriptan 5HT4- Cisapride Metoclopramide Non selective-dopamine as well as 5HT receptor LSD Synthetic ergot derivative,and potent Nonselective SELECTIVE 5HT RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS Ketanserine,Retanserine,Clozapine,Risperidone,Ondansetron(Naus ea and vomiting)

 NON SELECTIVE ANTAGONISTS Ergot alkaloids, Phenothiazines ,cyproheptadines KININS Powerful algesic substances: Bradykinins,Kallidin,no therapeutic value Inhibitor of kinin synthesis :- Atropine 2 types receptors B1 and B2 ANGIOTENSINS AT1 and AT2 receptors Renin secretion inhibitors:- Propanolol ACE inhibitors Captopril,Enalapril,Quinapril,Ramipril

 ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS Losartan,Telmisartan EICOSANOIDES Prostaglandin E analogoues- Dinoprostone(E2) Mesoprostol(E1) Cytoprotective and antiulcer effect Prostaglandin F and Anologues (Dinoprost)-Luteolytic agentSynchronisation of oestrous-termination of pregnancy. Cloprostenol Synthetic analogue of PGf2 Induction of oestrous Induction of parturition Termination of pregnancy Inhibitors of Eicosanoisd synthesis Glucocorticoides, NDIADS

RUMENOTORICS 1.Cholinergic agonists- Neostigmine,Carbachol 2.Prokinetics:- Metaclopramide 3.Plant alkaloids- Arecoline,Pilocarpine 4.Bitters:- Gentian,Nuxvomica Ruminal acidifying agents:- Acetic acid or vinegar(5%)1-2 L Ruminal alkylating agent:Mg(OH)2,MgO,CaCO3,NaHCO3

EXPECTORANTS Secretory / stimulant expectorant 1.Reflex acting :- Ipecacunha,Balsam of Tolu,Squill 2.Direct acting:- Guaicol,Guaiphenesin,Volatile oils,Terpene hydrates 3.Mixed acting:- KI,NH4Cl 4.Mucolytic expectorants:- Bromhexine,Acetyl cysteine 5. Diluent expectorant:- Aerosols

ANTITUSSIVES Peripherally/Locally acting 1.Demulscents:- Honey,Syrup,Glycerine,Liquorice 2.Expectorants:- Bromhexine,Water ,aersol Centrally acting 1.Opioid/Narcotic Antitussives Codiene,Hydrocodiene,Butorphanol,Hydromorphine,Morphin e 2.Non Opioid :- Dextramethorphan BRONCHODIALATORS 1.Sympathomimetics(Non selective) Adrenaline,Ephedrine,Isoproterenol 2.Selective 2 agonists Clenbuterol,Salbutamol,Terbutalene. 3.Anticholinergic:- Atropine,Ipratropium 4.Methyl Xanthines:- Theophylline,Aminophylline

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Replacement therapy with hormone:- GnRH Gonadorelin:- GnRH Buserilin:- GnRH analogue Bromocryptine:- Dopamine Agonist decreases ACTH secretion Pergolide:- Dopamine Agonist Selegiline(Deprenyl)Inhibitor of MAO decreases ACTH secretion ANTITHYROID DRUGS 1.Inhibitors of thyroxine secretion:Methimazole,Carbimazole 2.Destroy thyroid tissue:- Radioactive Iodine 3.Inhibit hormone release:-Iodides of Sodium and Potassium 4.Inhibit iodide trapping:- Thiocyanates and Perchlorates

CORTICOSTEROIDS Intracytoplasmic receptors Short acting:- Hydrocortisone,Cortisone Intermediate acting :Prednisolone,Prednisone,Triamcinolone Long Acting:Dexamethasone,Betamethasone,Flumethason e

 GONADAL HORMONES OESTROGENS Steroidal oestrogen(Natural)- Estradiol,Ostrone Semisynthetic:- Estradiol cypionate, Estradiol valerate,propionate Synthetic:- Ethynil oestradiol Non steroidal :- Diethyl stilbesterol,Hexoesterol,benzestrol USES:- Misalliance in bitches,Induce lactation Antioestrogens Oestrogen receptor Inhibitor:- Clomephene,Tamoxiphen Oestrogen synthesis Inhibitor:-Aminoglutathemide Clomephene:- Anovulatory Sterility Tamoxiphen:- Oestrogen dependant breast cancer

 PROGESTERONE Natural:-Progesterone Synthetic:Medroxyprogestone,Megestrol,melemgestrol,Proligesto ne,Flugestone,Norgestomet ANTIPROGESTINS Eg;- Mefipristone ANDROGENS Natural- Testosterone Synthetic Testosterone cypionate,Propionate,decanoate,Phenyl propionate

 ANABOLIC STEROIDS Stanzolol,Fluoxymesterone,Ethyloesterol,Nand rolone,Trenbolone. INHIBITORS OF ANDROGEN SYNTHESIS Fenasteride:- to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST Cyproterone acetate,Flutamide Female Sex hormone;Delmadinone(Antiandrogen)

INSULIN Short acting: - regular insulin,semiLente insulin Inermediate:- Lente insulin,Isophane Insulin Long acting :- Protamine Zinc Insulin,Ultra lente Insulin ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS First generation-Sulphonyl ureas Chlorpropamide,Tolbutamide,Tolazamide Second generationGlypizide,Gibenclamide,Gliclazide Biguanides;- Metformin,Phenformin Thiazolidone drugs:Troglitazone,Euglitazone,Proglitazone Guar gum- Soluble dietary fibre

ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS Classification 1.Antifungal antibiotics a) Polyenes-Amphotericin B,Nystatin b)Heterocyclic benzofurans eg:-Griseofulvin 2.Antimetabolites eg:- Flucytosine 3.Azols a)Imidazoles:- Ketoconazole b) Triazoles:-Fluconazole 4.Allylamines:- Terbinafine

 Mechanism of action 1)Amphotericine B;-Affinity for ergosterol of cell wall of fungi- alters membrane permeability 2)Griseofulvin:-interfere with polymerisation of microtubular proteins arresting cell division 3)Flucytosine:- Converted to 5-Flurouracil and compete with Uracil 4)Azoles :-Alter membrane permeability by inhibition of ergosterol synthesis 5)Allylamines:-Inhibits enzyme squalene epoxide involved in synthesis of ergosterol

 ANTIVIRAL DRUGS Inhibit Viral attachment and penetration:- Gamma globulins Inhibitors of viral nucleic acid synthesis a)Purine analogues:-Acyclovir b)Pyrimidine analogues:-Zidovudine c)Pyrophosphate analogues:-Foscarnet 3)Inhibitors of viral assembly:- Amantidine 4)Immunomodulators:-Interferons,Interferon inducers 5)Miscellaneous a) Thiosemicarbazones:- Methisazone b)Antibiotics:-rifampin c)Others:- Suramin

NSAIDS
Analgesic with antiinflammatory action Classification:1. Salicylic acid derivatives :- Aspirin,Sodium salicylate 2. Pyrazolone derivative:Phenylbutazone,Oxyphenbutazone 3. Indole derivative :- Indomethacin,Sulindac 4. Oxicam derivative:-Piroxicam,Meloxicam 5. Aminonicotinic acid:-Flunixin 6. Heteroarylaceticacid derivatives:Diclofenac,Ketorolac,Tolmetin.

Analgesic with moderate antiinflammatory action 1.Propionicacid derivatives Ibuprofen,Naproxen,Ketoprofen 2.Anthranylic acid derivatives :-Meclofenamic acid,Mefenamic acid 3.Sulphonanalidine derivatives:- Nimuselide Analgesics with poor antiinflammatory activity 1.Paraaminophenol derivatives:-Paracetamol,Phenacetin 2.Pyrazolone derivatives:-Metamizole Selective COX2 inhibitors Eg:- Rofecoxib,Celecoxib ACTION:- Inhibit synthesis of prostaglandin.Block cycloxygenase enzyme

COX 1- Necessary for normal homeostasis COX2 Inducible-Inflammation and pain.Side effects are due to inhibition of COX1 Side effects are due to gastric mucosal alteration and bleeding DMSO-Dimehyl sulfoxide-Antiinflammatory agents,analgesic,antifungal and antimicrobial properties OPIOID ANALGESICS 1.Opioid agonists(Natural opium alkaloids)-Morphine,codeine 2.Semisynthetic opioidsHeroin,Hydromorphine,oxymorphine,and etorphine 3.Synthetic opioidsPethidine,Fentanyl,Diphenoxylate,Loperamide,Methadone,Pro poxyphene,Levorphanol,Phenazocin

Mixed agonists- Antagonists and partial antagonists Eg:- Buprenorphine,Pentazocine,Butorphanol, ACTION Interact with 4 families of opioid receptors such as (mu),(Delta),(sigma),(Kappa). CNS STIMULANTS 1.Psychostimulants/Cerebrostimulants:Methyl xanthines(Inhibit phosphodiesterase enzyme) Amphetamine,Methylphenidate 2.Brain stem stimulants/Analeptics Doxapram,Bemigride,Leptozol,Nikethamide 3.Convulscants Strychnine,Brucine,Picrotoxin,Leptozol 4.Psychomimetics:Cannabis,LSD,Mescaline

LOCAL ANAESTHETICS Procaine,Benzocaine,Cocaine,Lignocaine,Prilocaine,Bupivacaine, Mepivacaine DIURETICS 1.High ceiling diuretics/Loop diuretics Frusemide,Ethacrynicacid,Bumetanide 2.Mercurials:- Mersalyl 3.Thiazide:- Chlorthiazide,Chlorthalidone 4.Osmotic diuretic :Mannitol(Cerebral oedema),Glycerine,Sorbitol and isosorbide 4.Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors- Acetezolamide 5.Potassium sparing :- Triamterene,Amilioride 6.Aldosterone receptor antagonist:- Spironolactone

Acidifying salts:- Ammonium chloride Alkylating agents:-Potassium acetate,Potassium citrate Methyl Xanthines:- Aminophylline,Theophylline Urinary alkalinisers:Sodium bicarbonate,Sodium citrate,Potassium citrate.
SALIVARY STIMULANTS Sialagogues/Sialics:- Increases the fluidity and volume of saliva Eg:- Gentian(Dried rhizome and roots of Gentia lutea) Strychnine(Strychnos nuxvomica) Salivary inhibitors/Antisialics:- Reduces salivary secretion Eg:- Atropine,Hyoscine,Glycopyrrolate

DRUGS STIMULATING GASTRIC SECRETIONS 1.H2 receptor antagonist:-Cimetidine,Ranitidine,Famotidine 2.Proton pump Inhibitors:- (Inactivate H+-K+ ATPase enzyme) Omperazole,Lansoprazole,Pantoprazole 3.Muscarinic receptor antagonists:- Pirezepine,Propantheline 4.Prostaglandin Analogues:-Misoprostol ACID NEUTRALISING DRUGS 1.Systemic antacid:- Sodium bicarbonate,Sodium citrate 2.Non systemic antacids:- Al(OH)3,Mg(OH)2 CYTOPROTECTIVE DRUGS 1.Sucralfate:- Aluminium salt of sucrose octasulphate.It protects the ulcerated surface from acid. 2.Colloidal Bismuth Subnitrate :- Effective against Helicobacter pylori.

DRUGS AFFECTING GASTRIC MOTILITY Prokinetics:- Increases gastric motility 1.Dopamine D2 receptor antagonists:Metaclopromide and Domperidone 2. 5HT receptor antagonists:- Cisapride 3.H2 receptor antagonists:-Ranitidine, Nizatidine 4.Prostaglandins:-Mesoprostol

LAXATIVES AND CATHARTICS 1.Lubriacant laxatives:- Liquid paraffin 2.Surfactant laxatives:- Docusates 3.Simple Bulk prugatives:Bran,Agar,Methyl cellulose,Carboxymethyl cellulose

4.Osmotic purgatives a) Inorganic salts:- Mag sulph,Sod sulph b)carbohydrates:- Lactulose,Glycerine,Sorbitol,Mannitol 5.Irritant or stimulant purgatives:a) Direct irritant:- Besacodyl,Phenophthalien b)Indirect irritant purgatives:-Veg oils-Castor oil Anthracene/Anthraquinone purgatives Aloe,Cascara sagrada,Senna ,Rhubarb,Danthrone 6.Drastic purgatives:- Croton oil 7.Neuromuscular purgatives:Carbachol,Physostigmine,Arecoloine

ANTIDIARRHOEAL DRUGS 1.Gastrointestinal protectants and Adsorbants:Kaolin,Pectin,Bismuth salts and activated charcoal 2.Antimotility Drugs:-Opioids(Tr. Opium,Codiene) 3.Antisecretory and antiinflammatory a)Salicylic acid derivatives Sulphasalazine b) Anticholinergic drugs Atropine 4.Miscellanoeus drugs:- Tannic acid,Catechu

EMETICS
1.Local/Reflex acting emetics:Sodium chloride,Copper sulphate,Zinc sulphate,Ipecac 2.Central acting emetics Apomorphine-Dopamine Antagonist Xylazine 2 agonist ANTIEMETICS Local acting:-Demulscents and protectivesKaolin,Pectin,Bismuth salts Centrally acting :H1 receptor antagnistics:- Meclizine,Cyclizine,Cinnarizine

D2 receptor Antagonistics:1. Phenothiazine Derivatives:-Chlorpromazine,Acepromazine 2. Butorphenones-Droperidol,Haloperidol 3. Benzamides:-Metaclopramide 5HT3 receptor Antagonist:Ondansetron,Cyproheptadine. Muscarinic receptor antagonist:Hyoscine,Dicyclomine CARMINATIVES Anise,Asafoetida,Camphor,Cinnamon,Clove,Coriander,Ginger,Pepp ermint,Menthol

ANTIFOAMING AND ANTI FERMAENTATIVE AGENTS

Turpentine oil mixed with linseed oil Formaline-4ml in 300ml of water tid orally for cattle Antifoaming agents:Polymerised methylsilicone/Dimethicone,Poloxalene, Arachis oil,Turpentine oil

DRUGS ACTING ON CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Myocardial stimulants 4 groups 1. Cardiac glycosides(inhibit Na ,K-ATPase) 2.Methyl xanthines 3.Bipyridine derivatives eg:-Amrinone and milrinone (also called inodialatorsas they areinotropic and vasodialators) 4. agonists like Dobutamine 5.Miscellaneous like Calcium and Adrenaline ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS-4 groups 1.Na channel blockers :- Quinidine, 2.Calcium channel blockers:- Verapamil,Diltiazem,Nefidepin 3.K channel blockers:-Bretylium and Amiodarone 4. Blocker eg:-Propanalol,satalol,metaprolol

Antihypertensives:-9 groups 1.Diuretics:a) Loop diuretics-Inhibit Na-K-,2 cl- symport b)Thiazide diuretics inhibit Na,K symport c)K sparing diuretics-Spironolactone,Amlioride,Triamterene 2.ACE inhibitors:- Captopril,Enalapril 3.Angiotensin II receptor antagonists :- Sartans 4.Ca channel blockers 5.Blockers:- Prazosin,Phentolamine,Phenoxybutazone 6. blockers :- Propranolol,Atenolol 7.Central sympatholytics:- Clonidine (Central 2 agonist)and Methyl DOPA(False neurotransmitter forms Methyl nor epinephrine)

8.Vasodialators Arteriolar:- Sodium nitroprusside,Organic nitrates(Nitroglycerine) Mixed:-Hydralazine,Minoxidil 9.Miscellaneous:Adrenergic neuron blocker(Reserpine,Guanithidine) Ganglionic blockers(Pentolinium) HAEMOSTATICS TOPICAL 1.Coagulants/clotting factors:- Thrombin,Fibrinogen 2.Artificial matrices:_ Fibrin foam,Gelatin sponge 3.Vasoconstrictors like adrenaline 4.Styptics/Astringents like FeSO4,Zncl2

SYSTEMIC 1.Coagulants a) Vitamin K and Analogues like menadione b) Blood and blood components like whole blood or plasma 2.Fibrinolytic inhibitors/Antifibrinolytic agents like Aminocaproic acid 3.Miscellaneous -Protamine sulphate,Adrenochrome,Ethamsylate ANTIHAEMOSTATICS Drugs used to prevent haemostasis. Divided into 3 groups 1.Anticoagulants-In vitro a) Used in labs-Oxalate,NaF,EDTA b)Used for blood coagulation-Na Citrate,ACD,Heparin

IN VIVO a) Parenteral/Rapid acting:- Heparin,Heparinoids- Kefaran b) Oral/Slow acting 1)Coumarin derivatives:-Warfarin 2) Indane dion derivatives:-Phenindione 2.Thrombolytics/Fibrinolytics:- Streptokinase ,Urokinase etc 3.Antithrombolytics/Antiplatelet drugs:- Aspirin HAEMATINICS/ANTIANAEMIC DRUGS 1.Minerals a) Fe(Iron):- Oral-FeSO4,Ferric ammonium citrate Parenteral-Fe Dextran b) Copper:- Oral-CuSO4 Parenteral:- Copper Ca edentate,Cu methoxate etc c)Cobalt- CoSO4,CoCl2 etc

VITAMINS:- B12,B2,B6,Folicacid,Vitamin C etc Haempoetic growth factorsl ike Erythropoetins/Epoitin(Human recombinant) HYPOLIPOPROTEINEMIC DRUGS Are of 5 groups 1.HMGCoA Reductase /inhibitors like Statins 2.Activators of lipoprotein lipase like fibrates(Clofibrate,Gemfibrozil) 3.Bile acid binding resins like Colistipol 4.CETP Imhibitors(Cholesteryl ester transfer protein) Like Torcetrapib 4.Miscellaneous likeB3 or gugulipidor Omega 3 fatty acids

CNS PHARMACOLOGY
Ether was first used byWilliam.T.G.Morgan-1846 Choloroform was introduced by James Simpson in 1847 GENERAL ANAESTHETICS Mainly 2 groups Inhalent 1.Non gaseous/Volatile:- Halothane,Ether,Chloroform 2.Gaseous:-N2O,Xenon,Cyclopropane Injectable 1.Barbiturate 2.Dissociative 3.Non Barbiturate Non dissociative Eg:- Propofol,Saffan, Chloral hydrate

SEDATIVES/HYPNOTIC SEDATIVES-7Groups 1.Benzodiazepines 2.2 Agonists:- Xylazines,Detomidine etc. 3.Barbiturates 4.Chloral Derivatives:- Chloral hydrate (In olden days) 5.Aldehydes:- Paraldehydes 6.Inorganic salts:- NBr,KBr,etc 7.Miscellaneous Ethyl alcohol BARBITURATES 4 groups 1.Ultrashort acting-Thiopentone 2.Short acting-Pento and seco barbitone 3.Intermediate acting Amo,Apr,Mephobarbitone 4.Long acting Barbitone,Pheno and Butabarbitone

TRANQUILISERS:- Mainly 3 groups 1.Phenothiazene like Chlorpromazines and Acepromazines 2.Thioxanthines:- Chlorprothixene 3.Butyrophenones:- Azaperone,Droperidol etc MOA of Benzodiazepines:- GABA facilitator action MOA of Barbiturates:-GABA action ANTICONVULSCENTS 1.Barbiturates-Pheno,Pentoand mephobarbitone 2.Deoxybarbiturate-Prinidone 3.Hydantoins-Phenytion,Mephenytion 4.Benzodiazepines-Clonazepam,Diazepam 5.Aliphatic carboxylic acids:- Valproic acids 6.Bromides (7) Succimides eg:- Ethosuccimide,Methosuccimide 8.Newer agents:- Gabaprotein,Toperamate