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Techese - DAQ cards perform D/A and A/D English - Data Acquisition cards (the plug-in board you put in the back of the PC to acquire Electronic signals) perform Data-toAnalog and Analog-to-Digital Conversions. Conceptually: Convert (transduce) measurable quantity (eg. Temperature) into an electrical signal (eg. a Voltage). Signal Conditioning (Signal Processing such as high/ low pass frequency filter to eliminate noise). Convert Voltage into format usable by computer (DAQ card) Analyze info with PC.
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DAQ Signals
Classifying Signals
Signals
Analog
Digital
Frequency Domain
Time Domain
DC
Pulse Train
Off-On
Signal Conditioning
Common Types: Amplification, Transducer Excitation, linearization, Isolation, Filtering Examples: A photodetector produces a voltage between 0 and 50mV. The A/D board has a maximum input voltage of 10 volts with 8 bit resolution.
10/28 = 39 mV resolution
Motor
Signal Grounds
Remember from Phys 121 that Voltages are measured relative to a reference (usually Ground).
Reference Ground: Return path or signal common. Signal voltages measured relative to this ground.
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+ -
Vs
+ -
Vs
Ground
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Ground
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Differential Method: Neither input is connected to a fixed reference (Ground). Uses Differential Amplifiers which produce a voltage relative to the Analog Input Ground (AIGND) which is the reference ground for the DAQ analog inputs.
Eg. Differential input (A-B) on the SR510 Lock-in Amplifier!
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DAQ Card
Coaxial Cable
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If bias currents to large (two grounds too different), add 50k resistors from center pins of Coax to AIENSE
DAQ Card
Coaxial Cable
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DAQ Card
If bias currents to large (two grounds too different), add 50k resistors from center pins of Coax to AIGND
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Why use Coaxial (Shielded) cables? Gausss Law - If no net charge enclosed, no electric field One side grounded shield grounds noise from Antenna like pickup
Nyquist Theorom
How Fast do I need to Sample data? Nyquist - faster than twice the maximum frequency component in the signal to be acquired. Im belligerent and I dont want to! Your data acquisition will have artifacts known as aliasing. Generally, you will need to add a low pass filter to eliminate any frequencies which you can not accurately digitize to prevent aliasing.
-1
-1.5
Unless you add a low-pass frequency filter before digitization : See Prof. Changs Lecture Notes.
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DAQ Settings:
Analog I/O Analog to Digital Converters (Input to Computer)
ADC Input Range - Unipolar 0V to +10V - Bipolar 5V - Bipolar 10V (note reduced absolute Resolution)
for a 16 bit ADC, the voltage range is divided into 216 parts. ADC Input Mode - Differential, Ground Referenced Single End, Non-referenced single end.
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User Wiring
DAC1OUT
DAQ Board
Ribbon Cable
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Breakout Box
ACH0
AIGND
Inputs - Device number (usually 0 unless you have more than 1 DAQ board). Set during DAQ configuration in Windows.
- Channel number to be digitized
Better approach is to read successive data points into a predefined BUFFER. Intermediate VIs offer more flexibility for reading in voltage waveforms.
Intermediate Vis: AI Clear, AI Config, AI Read, AI Single Scan AI Start
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Intermediate VIs
Configuration - Inputs are Device and Channel as well as BUFFER size Start - This VI sets the scan rate, the number of scans to acquire, and the trigger conditions. The VI then starts an acquisition. Scan rate is digitization rate: How many values are recorded per second. Number of scans: How many values to read? TOTAL time scan is (number of scans)/scan rate. Trigger conditions: can be configured similar to Oscilloscope.
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Intermediate VIs
Read from BUFFER - Read specified number of points from buffer (or all of them).
Error In/Out
Opens Device and Channels, reads values, and Returns values as outputs. (Single point, Multi Channel)
Opens Device and Channels, Read data into buffered array and outputs Buffered array. User Specifies Number of Scans, Scan Rate, Iteration, and Clear Acquisition condition. Same as above, but continuously reads in a circular buffered array.
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Clear Acquisition determines whether the VI clears the task after reading the specified number of scans. You should pass a value of TRUE for this parameter when reading the last set of scans for a given acquisition. The default is TRUE, which means that if you leave this input unwired, the VI reads data only once. You normally wire this input to the terminating condition of a loop, so that when the loop finishes, the VI clears the acquisition.
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Click on Devices and Interfaces - You should see GPIB board, Serial interface (RS232), and DAQ card
Click on DAQ card
Time Domain
Frequency Domain
Nyquist Freq
0 .3 0 .2 0 .1 0 .0 0 .0 5 0 0 .0 1 .0 k
+ Freq
- Freq
Notice that FFT power peak shifts as number of cycles changes! In FFT example from previous slide. Why? Frequency Changes!!
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Aliasing
Imagine for the FFT VI example that the time duration of the waveform is always 1 second. The Frequency control indicates the frequency of the input signal (in Hz). The Sampling Rate control indicates the digitization rate of the input signal (in Hz). Note that as we use Frequency=10 and decrease sampling rate from 1kHz to 20.01Hz that we always get a 10Hz signal in the power spectrum but other frequencies which depends on the sampling rate. WHAT IS THIS?
Artifact due to Aliasing! When Sampling rate is less than 20, (you can not do it with this example since the SQR wave VI is too smart) a new signal appears BELOW the f/2 Nyquist sampling limit!
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Specify t
Specify voltage array
Behaves as a Cluster data type. Individual Waveforms pallete available for many manipulations of Waveforms.