PRESENTATION OF

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
SYSTEM
PREPARED BY:
ARPIT GARG
ROHIT BANSAL
AMANJOT SINGH
SHIVANI RUSTAGI
CONTENTS
 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
 ALU V/S CU
 COMPUTER MEMORY
 VOLATILE AND NON VOLATILE
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY STORAGE
 RAM, SRAM AND DRAM
 ROM, PROM AND EPROM
 PCMCIA CARD
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

 The CPU is the brains of the computer.

Sometimes referred to simply as
the central processor, but more commonly
called processor.

 The CPU is where most calculations take place.

In terms of computing power, the CPU is the
most important element of a computer system.

 The CPU itself is an internal component of

the computer. Modern CPUs are small and
square and contain multiple metallic connectors
or pins on the underside. The CPU is inserted
directly into a CPU socket, pin side down, on
the motherboard. Each motherboard will support
only a specific type or range of CPU so you
must check the motherboard manufacturer's
specifications before attempting to replace or
upgrade a CPU. Modern CPUs also have an
attached heat sink and small fan that go directly
on top of the CPU to help dissipate heat.
MAIN TWO COMPONENTS OF CPU:

 TheARITHMETIC  LOGIC  UNIT (ALU),

which performs arithmetic and logical
operations.

 The CONTROL  UNIT (CU), which

extracts instructions from memory and
decodes and executes them, calling on
the ALU when necessary.
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

 An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that

performs arithmetic and logical operations.
 The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central
processing unit (CPU) of a computer, and even the
simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such
as maintaining timers.
 The processors found inside modern CPUs and graphics
processing units (GPUs) have inside them very powerful
and very complex ALUs;a single component may contain
a number of ALUs.
CONTROL UNIT (CU)
 The Control Unit can be thought of as the brain
of the CPU itself. It controls based on the
instructions it decodes, how other parts of the
CPU and in turn, rest of the computer systems
should work in order that the instruction gets
executed in a correct manner.

There are two types of control units.

 The first type is called Hardwired control unit.
 The other type of control unit is Micro
programmed control unit.
COMPUTER MEMORY
 Computer memory is usually meant to refer to
the semiconductor technology that is used to
store information in electronic devices.
 Current primary computer memory makes use of
integrated circuits consisting of silicon-based
transistors.
There are two main types of memory:
 Volatile
 Non-volatile
VOLATILE MEMORY
 Volatile memory is computer memory that requires power
to maintain the stored information.
 Current semiconductor volatile memory technology is
usually either static RAM or dynamic RAM.
 Static RAM exhibits data remanence, but is still volatile,
since all data is lost when memory is not powered.
 Dynamic RAM allows data to be leaked and disappear
automatically without a refreshing.

Upcoming volatile memory technologies that hope to replace or compete

with SRAM and DRAM include Z-RAM and TTRAM.
NON-VOLATILE MEMORY
 Non-volatile memory is computer memory that can retain
the stored information even when not powered.

 Examples of non-volatile memory include read-only

memory, flash memory, most types of magnetic
computer storage devices (e.g. hard disks, floppy disks,
and magnetic tape, optical discs, and early computer
storage methods such as paper tape and punch cards)

Upcoming non-volatile memory technologies include FeRAM,

CBRAM, PRAM, SONOS, RRAM, Racetrack memory, NRAM and
Millipede.
PRIMARY STORAGE
 Primary storage, presently known as memory, is the only one
directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads
instructions stored there and executes them as required. Any data
actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner.
 Historically, early computers used delay lines, Williams tubes, or
rotating magnetic drums as primary storage. By 1954, those
unreliable methods were mostly replaced by magnetic core memory,
which was still rather cumbersome. Undoubtedly, a revolution was
started with the invention of a transistor, that soon enabled then-
unbelievable miniaturization of electronic memory via solid-state
silicon chip technology.
 This led to a modern random access memory (RAM). It is small-
sized, light, but quite expensive at the same time. (The particular
types of RAM used for primary storage are also volatile, i.e. they
lose the information when not powered).
SECONDARY STORAGE
 Secondary storage, or storage in popular usage, differs from
primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU.
 The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access
secondary storage and transfers the desired data using intermediate
area in primary storage.
 Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is
powered down—it is non-volatile.
 In modern computers, hard disks are usually used as secondary
storage. The time taken to access a given byte of information stored
on a hard disk is typically a few thousandths of a second, or
milliseconds. By contrast, the time taken to access a given byte of
information stored in random access memory is measured in
billionths of a second, or nanoseconds.
 Some other examples of secondary storage technologies are: flash
memory (e.g. USB sticks or keys), floppy disks, magnetic tape,
paper tape, punch cards, and Zip drives.
RAM (Random-access memory)
 RAM is a form of computer
data storage. Today it takes
the form of integrated circuits
that allows the stored data to
be accessed in any order (i.e.,
at random).
 The word random thus refers
to the fact that any piece of
data can be returned in a
constant time, regardless of its
physical location and whether
or not it is related to the
previous piece of data.
DRAM (Dynamic random access memory )
 DRAM is a type of random access memory that stores
each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an
integrated circuit. Since real capacitors leak charge, the
information eventually fades unless the capacitor charge
is refreshed periodically. Because of this refresh
requirement, it is a dynamic memory as opposed to
SRAM and other static memory.

Advantage
 DRAM is structurally simple
 DRAM reach very high density
Image of DRAM
SRAM (Static random access memory )

 SRAM is a type of semiconductor memory.

 The word static indicates that, unlike dynamic
RAM (DRAM), it does not need to be periodically
refreshed, as SRAM uses bistable latching
circuitry to store each bit. SRAM exhibits data
remanence, but is still volatile in the
conventional sense that data is eventually lost
when the memory is not powered.
 The term SDRAM, which stands for synchronous 
DRAM, should not be confused with SRAM.
Image of SRAM
ROM (Read-only memory )

 ROM is a class of storage media used in

computers and other electronic devices.
 Data stored in ROM cannot be modified (at least
not very quickly or easily), it is mainly used to
distribute firmware (software that is very closely
tied to specific hardware, and unlikely to require
frequent updates).
 In its strictest sense, ROM refers only to mask
ROM (the oldest type of solid state ROM), which
is fabricated with the desired data permanently
stored in it, and thus can never be modified.
Image of ROM
PROM (programmable read-only memory )

 A (PROM) is a form of digital

memory where the setting of
each bit is locked by a fuse or
antifuse.
 Such PROMs are used to
store programs permanently.
 They are frequently seen in
video game consoles, or such
products as electronic
dictionaries, where PROMs for
different languages can be
substituted.
 EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-
Only Memory)
 An EPROM, is a type of memory chip that
retains its data when its power supply is
switched off.
 In other words, it is non-volatile. It is an
array of floating-gate transistors
individually programmed by an electronic
device that supplies higher voltages than
those normally used in digital circuits.
 Once programmed, an EPROM can be
erased only by exposing it to strong
ultraviolet light. That UV light usually has
a wavelength of 253.7nm (for optimum
erasure time) and belongs to the UVC
range of UV light.
 EPROMs are easily recognizable by the
transparent fused quartz window in the top
of the package, through which the silicon
chip can be seen, and which permits UV
light during erasing.
PCMCIA CARD (Personal Computer 
Memory Card International Association)
 In computing, PC Card is the form factor of a peripheral interface designed
for laptop computers.
 The PC Card standard (as well as its successor ExpressCard) were defined
and developed by a group of industry-leading companies called the
Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA).
 PC Card was originally designed for computer memory expansion, but the
existence of a usable general standard for notebook peripherals led to many
kinds of devices being made available in this form. Typical devices included
network cards, modems, and hard disks.
 The cards were also used in early digital SLR cameras, such as the Kodak
DCS 300 series. The original use, as memory expansion, is no longer
common.
 Many notebooks in the 1990s came with two type-II slots with no barrier in
between (allowing installation of two type-II cards or one, double-sized, type-
III card). With the removal of legacy ports, most contemporary notebooks
only feature a single type-II card slot, and an increasing number of less
expensive notebooks feature no PC Card slot at all.
Images of PCMCIA CARD
REFERENCES
 WWW.GOOGLE.COM
 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
 WWW.WEBOPEDIA.COM
 BOOK ON COMPUTER
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PRADEEP AND P.K
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