CHAPTER 6 VARIATION

Variation: The differences between individuals of the same species

PIGEONS

GUPPIES

Learning Outcomes
state the important of variation in organism give example of variation in humans state the types of variation compare continuous variation with discontinuous variation

Learning Objective 6.1 Understanding variation in organisms

For the survival of the species in the change of environment ~if all the members of species are identical, an environmental disaster which kills one of them would most likely kill all of them.

The important of Variation

Types of Variations

continuous variation with a continuous range of intermediate values eg. height, weight, hand span, chest circumference, skin color and intelligent

Types of Variations
discontinuous variation The character is clear-cut and not showing intermediates eg. Tongue rolling, ear

Discontinuous Variation

Thumb Extension
This trait is reportedly due to a single gene; strait thumb is dominant and hitchhiker's thumb is recessive.

Tongue rolling ability may be due to a single gene with the ability to roll the tongue a dominant trait and the lack of tongue rolling ability a recessive

Tongue Rolling

Dimples Dimples are reportedly due

to a single gene with dimples dominant (people may exibit a dimple on only one side of the face) and a lack of dimples is recessive.

Compare Continuous Variation with discontinuous variation

No Characteristic 1 2 3 4 Intermediate Type of graph Quantitative/Q ualitative Example Continuous variation Discontinuous variation

Compare Continuous Variation with discontinuous variation

No Characteristic 1 2 Intermediate Type of graph Continuous variation intermediate normal distribution curve quantitative Discontinuous variation no intermediate discrete distribution curve Qualitative

3 4

Quantitative/Q ualitative Example

Learning Outcomes

state the factors causing variation explain the effects of genetic factors on variation explain the effects of environmental factors on variation explain the effects of the interaction between genetic factors and environmental factors on variation explain what is mutation explain the importance of variation in the survival of a species

Learning Objective 6.2 Understanding the causes of variation

The factors causing variation

2 factors: 1. Genetics 2. Environmental

Genetic Factors 1. Meiosis (i) Crossing over (ii) Independent assortment (iii) Random Fertilisation 2. Mutation

Causes of Variations
1.

GENETIC FACTORS

1. CROSSING OVER
O : Non-sister chromatids C : crossing over during prophase I E ; recombinant of DNA/ exchange segment of DNA R : produces gametes with a variety combination/ cause variation

O : Homologous pair of chromosomes C : arrange on metaphase plate/ at equater of cell at random during metaphase I E : produce gametes with different combination of homologous chromosomes R : variation of gametes

2. Independent assortment

Independent Assortment

3. RANDOM FERTILISATION O: Gametes from different parents

C : with diverse/different combination of homologous chromosome are fused together E : form zygote

R : produce zygote with variety of gene combination

Random Fertilization

RANDOM FERTILISATION

Causes of Variations

MUTATIONS -A permanent change in the sequence of DNA or in the amount of DNA -sometimes occur naturally eg. Mistakes that occcur during DNA replication or uneven distribution of chromosomes during cell division -rate may greatly increased if the organism is exposed to mutagens -1) high- energy radiation(radiation-X-rays/gamma rays/UV, -2) chemicals mutagens-benzene, formaldehyde, tar, asbestos, chloroform or neutron bombardment) -most mutation are harmful but not all

Action of mutagens- X-rays

- Mutation that occur in somatic cell will not be inherited but only affect the person during his lifetime but mutation that occur in the cells that produce gametes can be inherited

-2

types of mutation : 1. Gene mutation / Point mutation 2. Chromosome mutation

D: A type of mutation involve an alteration in base sequence of DNA , cause changing the genetic code and Order of amino acids for synthesis of proteins Involves either deletion, insertion or substitution of nucleotide base

E : Albinisme/ haemophilia

S : cause genetic disease

GENE MUTATION

GENE MUTATION

EXAMPLES OF INHERITED DISEASES CAUSE BY GENE MUTATION :

1.

2.
3. 4.

Sickle-cell Anaemia (red blood cells become sickle / S-shaped) Albinism (lack of enzyme producing skin pigment, melanin) Polydactylism Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome (premature ageing)

Polydactylism

CHROMOSOME / CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION

Involve either: an increase or decrease in the number of chromosomes 2. a change in the structure of the chromosome
1.

Increase or decrease in the number of chromosomes can be caused by the failure of homologous chromosomes to segregate during Meiosis I and Meiosis II which produce gametes with either extra chromosome or lack of chromosome

Examples of genetic disorder resulting from chromosomal mutation :

1. Downs syndrome (individual with extra chromosome 21) 2. Turners syndrome (female individual with only 45 chromosomes, 44 autosome+X chromosome) 3. Klinefelters syndrome (male individual 47 chromosomes, 44 autosomes+XXY chromosomes

An Increase Or Decrease In The Number Of Chromosomes

Polyploidy condition where an organism has one or several sets of chromosomes eg. triploid has 3 sets of chromosomes / tetraploid has 4 sets chromosomes Common among flowering plants and food plants

The

change in chromosome structure involving rearrangement of whole blocks of genes on a chromosomes result in an alteration in the number of genes or in the sequence of whole sets of genes in chromosomes involves deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation

2. A Change In The Structure Of The Chromosome

(a) Deletion O : fragment of chromosome C : break of

E : lost
R : structure of chromosomes change

2. A Change In The Structure Of The Chromosome

(b) Duplication

O : A fragment of chromosomes C : double/repeated

E R : produce new chromosome with extra genetic material

2. A Change In The Structure Of The Chromosome

(c) Inversion O : A fragment of chromosomes C : removes and rotates through 180o and inserted back at the same location

E R : produce new chromosomes change in sequence of genes

2. A Change In The Structure Of The Chromosome

(d) Translocation O: A fragment of a chromosome C : breaks off and then attaches to another chromosomes

ER : produce two chromosomes with different sequence of genes compare to the initial ones

2. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

15.2.3 : Explain the effects of environment factors on variation

cause variation in characters with continuous variation

O : phenotype of plant C : effect by environment factors E : change

R : acquired characteristic which cannot be inherited

15.2.4 : Explain the effects of interaction between genetic and environmental factors on variation O : several pairs of alleles C : influences by environmental and interaction between one another ER : cause variation

The end.. By saljubiru13