Branches of Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry - deals with the separation, identification and quantification of a chemical component of natural and artificial materials Biochemistry - deals with chemical reactions that occur in living things

Branches of Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry - deals with the structure, properties and behavior of inorganic compounds Organic Chemistry - deals with the structure, properties and behavior of organic compounds Physical Chemistry - uses physics to study chemical reactions, structure and properties of chemical substances

Matter Metal

Not Matter Time

Smoke
Car Star

Space
Light Heat

matter
anything that occupies space and has mass

 Mass - amount of matter present in an object or substance; usually measured in kilograms (kg) or grams (g) Volume - amount of space occupied by a body or matter; usually measured in cubic meter (m3), cubic centimeter (cm3) or in liter (L) Density - ratio of mass and volume; usually measured in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3) or in grams per milliliter (g/mL).

Properties of Matter
Physical Properties - readily observable without undergoing any change with the substances composition
color, odor, taste, hardness, softness, ductility, malleability, boiling and melting point, and density

Properties of Matter
Chemical Properties - determined only when matter undergo changes in identity and composition

Properties of Matter
Intensive Properties - do not depend on the size and amount of the sample involved
density, freezing point, color, melting point, reactivity, luster, malleability and conductivity

Extensive Properties - do depend on the size and amount of the sample involved
length, volume, mass and weight

States of Matter

SOLID

LIQUID

GAS

Classification of Matter

MATTER

Pure Substance

Mixture

element

compound

homogeneous

heterogeneous

 Physical change occurs when there is only a change in the physical appearance of matter
melting, boiling, freezing, grinding, cutting and changing shape

Chemical change or chemical reaction involves substances that create a new product/s.
decomposition (breaking of substance into simple compounds) and synthesis (fusion of elements or compounds to form a more complex substance)

a. steam becomes water

physical

b. a piece of sliced apple chemical turns brown a. flattened copper wire b. paper burning c. eggs becoming rotten

physical
chemical chemical

scientific notation
involves the representation of a number as a power of ten
456,000,000 can be expressed as 4.56 x 108

Rules in Scientific Notation

RULE 1: To convert a number greater than 1 to scientific notation, the original decimal point is moved x places to the left and the resulting number is multiplied by 10x. The exponent (x) is a POSITIVE NUMBER equal to the number of places the original decimal point was moved.

Rules in Scientific Notation

RULE 2: To convert a number less than 1 to scientific notation, the original decimal point is moved x places to the right and the resulting number is multiplied by 10-x. The exponent (x) is a negative number equal to the number of places the original decimal point was moved.

significant figures
defined as the accuracy to which something is measured or calculated

Rules in Significant Figures

RULE 1: All nonzero digits are significant.
7.314 has four significant digits

RULE 2: The number of significant digits is independent of the position of the decimal point.
73.14 has four significant digits

RULE 3: Zeros located between nonzero digits are significant.

60.052 has five significant figures

Rules in Significant Figures

RULE 4: Zeros at the end of a number are significant if the number contains a decimal point.
4.70 has three significant figures

RULE 5: Trailing zeros are insignificant because the number does not contain a decimal point.
100 have one significant figure

RULE 6: Zeros to the left of the first nonzero integer are not significant.
0.0032 has two significant figures

Rules on Addition and Subtraction

The answer can only display as many decimal places as the quantity having the fewest number of decimal places. Proper rounding off of numbers should be observed. 37.68 + 108.428 + 6.71862 = 152.82662 Final answer: 152.83

Rules on Multiplication and Division

The answer may only display as many significant digits as the multiplied or divided measurement that shows the least number of significant digits. 2.13 cm x 12.52 cm x 4.125 cm = 2933.53867026 cm3 Final answer: 2930 cm3

system of measurement
a set of units which can be used to specify anything which can be measured for trade or commerce

English system
traditionally used in the United States slowly being replaced by metric system although its use is still prevalent examples are inch, yard and mile for length or distance; pint, quart and gallon for volume; and ounce, pound and ton for weight

Metric system
units used for scientific measurements first developed in France during the late 18th century used in most countries throughout the world use prefixes to indicate different powers of 10 examples are meter (m) for length, liter (L) for volume and gram (g) for mass

International System of Measurements

specific choice of metric units for use in scientific measurements it was adapted at the 11th general conference of weights and measures in year 1960 for scientific purpose its units are called SI units from its acronym in French: Systme International dUnits

SI base units
fundamental units where other units are derived

SI derived units
units derived from SI base units

Steps in Converting Units

1. determine which unit(s) must be replaced and what unit(s) will replace it 2. write the unit equivalence in fractional form
If the unit(s) to be replaced is at numerator, put that unit(s) at denominator and the unit(s) that will replace it at numerator. If the unit(s) to be replaced is at denominator, put that unit(s) at numerator and the unit(s) that will replace it at denominator.

3. multiply the magnitude with the conversion factor

1. Convert 2.5 kg to pound (lb).

2.5 kg 2.2046 lb = 5.5115 lb = 5.5 lb 1 1 kg

2. Convert 8.0 106 cm3 to m3.

8.0 10 cm 1 m 3 8.0m 100 cm 1

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