GROUP MEMBERS

Muhammad Uzi Migzuan

Muhamad Hazuan Mustafa
Abdil Naim Mohd Razi
Siti Nur Adilah Md Ishak
Nur Anati Zolkifly
Eng Kean Ming
Dhinakar a/l Harisanka Rao




1.Introduction
2.Analyze control and uncontrolled circuit
of rectifier
3. Principle operation of rectifier
4.Analyze voltage and current waveform
with load
a. Resistive load
b. Inductive load
5.Analyze chopper circuit
6.Function of chopper
7.Principle operation of chopper


8.Principle operation of step down
chopper operation
9.Principle operation step down
chopper operation
10.Calculation on output
voltage,current,power and efficiency
11.Application of chopper
12.Chopper operation:
a. Impulsed commutated
b. Resonant pulse


A DC converter is an electronic circuit
that
convert:
a source of DC from 1 voltage level to
another.
Convert unregulated DC input to a
controlled DC output with a desired
voltage level.


Rectification process

Is the process of converting an
AC voltage source DC voltage.

No energy is stored within a rectifier
so that there is a constant connection
between the current and voltage on DC
side and current and voltage at AC side.



A chopper is basically a dc to dc
converter whose main function/usage is
to create adjustable dc voltage from
fixed dc voltage sources through the
use of semiconductors.

This chopper is also known as :

Parallel capacitor turn-off chopper
Voltage commutated chopper
Classical chopper.
To start the circuit, capacitor C is initially charged with polarity (with plate
a positive) by triggering the thyristor T2.
Capacitor C gets charged through VS, C, T2 and load.
As the charging current decays to zero thyristor T2 will be turned-off.
With capacitor charged with plate a positive the circuit is ready for
operation.
Assume that the load current remains constant during the commutation
process.
Once of the types of controlled rectifier is fully controlled and
semiconductor rectifier. A fully-controlled circuit contains only thyristers
(semiconductor controlled rectifiers (SCR)), whereas a semi-controlled
rectifier circuit is made up of both SCR and diodes as shown in Fig.(1). Due
to presence of diodes, free-wheeling operation takes place without
allowing the bridge output voltage to become negative
Single phase uncontrolled half wave rectifiers suffer from poor output
voltage and/or input current ripple factor. In addition, the input
current contains a dc component which may cause problem (e.g.
Transformer saturation etc) in the power supply system. The output dc
voltage is also relatively less

Some of these problems can be addressed using a full
wave rectifier. They use more number of diodes but
provide higher average and rms output voltage.

There are two types of full wave uncontrolled rectifiers
commonly in use. If a split power supply is available (e.g.
output from a split secondary transformer) only two
diode will be required to produce a full wave rectifier.
These are called split secondary rectifiers and are
commonly used as the input stage of a linear dc voltage
regulator. However, if no split supply is available the
bridge configuration of the full wave rectifier is used.

This is the more commonly used full wave uncontrolled
rectifier configuration. Both these configurations are
analyzed next.
Step down chopper is also known as
buck chopper.

In step down chopper output voltage is
less or equal than input voltage.

In DC-DC conversion circuits, thyristors
are used as switching elements.

Thyristor converter offers greater
efficiency, faster response, lower
maintenance, smaller size and smooth
control.



When chopper is ON, supply is
connected across load.

Current flows from supply to load.

When chopper is OFF, load current
continues to flow in the same
direction through FWD due to
energy stored in inductor L.

Load current can be continuous or
discontinuous depending on the
values of L and duty cycle d

For a continuous current operation,
load current varies between two
limits Imax and Imin

When current becomes equal to
Imax the chopper is turned-off and
it is turned-on when current
reduces to Imin.

17
On State Off state
When S is on (D is off),
capacitor energy supplies the
load voltage.
Vo=Vc (if capacitor is
charged)

During on-state of switch S,
voltage across inductor
instantly becomes equal to
input supply voltage. Current
through it increases gradually
and stores energy in its
magnetic field.

For very first time, when S is
closed Vo=0, as capacitor is
not charged.
When S is off (D is on),
inductor voltage reverses its
polarity and adds in input
voltage to provide output
voltage which is equal to:
V0=Vi+VL
During off state of S, capacitor
charges and voltage at it
gradually build up to Vi+VL
(This capacitor voltages serves
as load voltage when next
time S in on)
If S is off forever, inductor acts
as short circuit. It does not
develop any voltage and
Vo= Vi
18
19
Voltage and current
waveforms for duty cycle
50%
d= 0.5 means Switch is on and
off for equal time intervals.
Energy that inductor develops
during on-state is completely
dessipated during off-state.
If duty cycle increases above
0.5, inductor will not
dessipate its energy
completely in off-states.
The remaining inductor
voltage (due to left-over
energy) adds up next time
when switch is off and more
increased voltage appears at
output.
20
If duty cycle increases above 0.5, inductor will not dessipate
its energy completely in off-states. The remaining inductor
voltage (due to left-over energy) adds up next time when
switch is off and more increased voltage appears at output.
Neglecting losses, energy transferred by inductance during
TOFF must equal the energy gained by it during period
TON
Final expression for output load voltage is:

Vo=Vi [1/(1-d)]
If switch is open (d=0), output voltage is equal to input
voltage. As d increases, output voltage becomes larger than
input voltage.
So output voltage is always higher than input voltage if
switch is operated at an appropriately high frequency.
Example 1
Input to the step up chopper is 200 V.
The output required is 600 V. If the
conducting time of thyristor is 200
sec. Calculate:
Chopping frequency,
If the pulse width is halved for
constant frequency of operation,
find the new output voltage.


6
200 , 200 , 600
600 200
200 10
Solving for
300
ON dc
dc
ON
V V t s V V
T
V V
T t
T
T
T
T s

= = =
| |
=
|

\ .
| |
=
|

\ .
=
6
6
Chopping frequency
1
1
3.33
300 10
Pulse width is halved
200 10
100
2
ON
f
T
f KHz
t s

=
= =

= =
( )
6
6
Frequency is constant
3.33
1
300
Output voltage =
300 10
200 300 Volts
300 100 10
ON
f KHz
T s
f
T
V
T t

=
= =
| |

\ .
| |

= =
|
|

\ .
Example 2
A dc chopper in figure has a resistive load
of R = 10O and input voltage of V = 200 V.
When chopper is ON, its voltage drop is 2 V
and the chopping frequency is 1 kHz. If the
duty cycle is 60%, determine:
Average output voltage
RMS value of output voltage
Effective input resistance of chopper
Chopper efficiency.
V
i
0
Chopper
+

R
v
0
V= 200v
R = 10 O
Chopper voltage drop, Vch = 2V
d= 0.60
f = 1kHz

( )
| |
( )
( )
Average output voltage
0.60 200 2 118.8 Volts
RMS value of output voltage
0.6 200 2 153.37 Volts
dc ch
dc
O ch
O
V d V V
V
V d V V
V
=
= =
=
= =
( )
2
2
0
0 0
Effective input resistance of chopper is
118.8
11.88 Amps
10
200
16.83
11.88
Output power is
1 1
i
S dc
dc
dc
i
S dc
dT dT
ch
O
V V
R
I I
V
I
R
V V
R
I I
V V
v
P dt dt
T R T R
= =
= = =
= = = = O

= =
} }
( )
| |
( )
2
2
0
0
0.6 200 2
2352.24 watts
10
Input power,
1
1
ch
O
O
dT
i O
dT
ch
O
d V V
P
R
P
P Vi dt
T
V V V
P dt
T R

= =
=

=
}
}
( )
| |
0.6 200 200 2
2376 watts
10
Chopper efficiency,
100
2352.24
100 99%
2376
ch
O
O
O
i
dV V V
P
R
P
P
P
q
q

=

= =
=
= =

Essentially, a chopper is an electronic switch that is used to
interrupt one signal under the control of another. Most
modern uses also use alternative nomenclature which helps
to clarify which particular type of circuit is being
discussed. These include:
switched mode power supplies, including DC to DC
converters.
Speed controllers for DC motors
Class D Electronic amplifiers
Switched capacitor filters
Variable Frequency Drive