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Transformer Oil Analysis can be divided into three groups: Dissolved Gas in oil Analysis. Transformer Oil Screening Analysis. Test for monitoring transformer winding condition.
During normal use, slow degradation of the mineral oil generates certain gases that collects in the oil.
When a transformer begins to function abnormally, the oil gets decomposed/breaksdown and produces the free radicals as shown below. These free radicals subsequently recombine and produce low molecular weight hydrocarbon. This process is largely determined by temperature, but is also influenced by other conditions. H CH CH2 CH3 etc
CLASSIFICATION OF FAULTS
Electrical faults in transformer can be broadly classified as following: Partial Discharge. Discharge of low energy Discharge of high energy Over heating less then 300 0C.
Cause of Fault
Causes Arcing Corona Overheating of cellulose Overheating of oil Winding turn-to-turn short-circuit Winding open circuit Operation of build-in LTC Winding distortion or displacement Lead distortion or displacement Loose connection to bushing terminals, tap leads, terminal boards Free water or excessive moisture in oil Floating metal particles Loose connection to corona shields Loose collars, spacers, core ground straps, core hold down angle (Braces) Through fault Overloading Damaged yoke bolt insulation Rust or other damage on core Damaged shunt packs of tank Jammed oil circulating path Cooling system malfunction
Arcing X X X
X X X
X X X X X
X X
X X X X X X
Mineral Oil
CnH2n+2
Hydrogen Methane
H- H
H2 CH4
Ethane
C2H6
Corona in Oil
Arcing in Oil
Pyrolysis in Oil
Pyrolysis of Cellulose
39% 2 4 10 6 35
9% 25 50 8 4 0.3
Element
Hydrogen (ppm) Methane (ppm) Ethane (ppm) Ethylene (ppm) Acetylene (ppm)
Purpose of Test
Key indicator of Corona. Secondary indicator of Arcing and Overheated Oil. Secondary indicator of Corona, Arcing, and Overheated Oil. Secondary indicator of Corona and Overheated Oil. Key indicator of Overheated Oil. Secondary indicator of Corona and Arcing. Key indicator of Arcing. Secondary indicator of severely Overheated Oil
Carbon Monoxide (ppm) Key indicator of Overheated Cellulose. Secondary indicator of Arcing if the fault involves cellulose. Carbon Dioxide (ppm) Oxygen (ppm) Nitrogen (ppm) Secondary indicator of Overheated Cellulose. Secondary indicator of Arcing if the fault involves cellulose. Indicator of system leaks, over-pressurization, or changes in pressure or temperature. Indicator of system leaks, over-pressurization, or changes in pressure or temperature.
Transformer oil reclamation: It is a process of removing chemical impurities form the transformer oil.
Provides insulation. Provides cooling, Helps in extinguishing arcs. Dissolves gases generated by oil & winding degradation.
Transformer Oil
New oil contains little or no acidic material. As the acidic material start to form, the small amount of acidic material is soluble in oil. However, as more of acidic material forms it would reach to a separation point and further formation would result in separation of solid material. This material would settle at the bottom as sludge. Acidic material in the oil reacts with various metals present in the transformer and form salts; another form of sludge, which is also insoluble in the insulating oil. Effect of the sludge formation on transformer is very detrimental for its continued service. It is therefore essential to monitor this process. For Monitoring oil condition following test are to be done on oil.
Sr No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
ASTM Test Name Standard Ref. No. Dielectric Test ASTM D-877 Moisture Content ASTM D-4928 Interfacial Tension ASTM D-2285 Acidity Test ASTM D-644 Pow er Factor/Tan Delta Test ASTM D-924 Test for O2 Inhibitor ASTM D-2268
Table - 1
Requirement Before Energizing After Energizing Property/Test Method Equipment Voltage Transformer With Transformer and New Oil in Normal service Dielectric Test > 145 KV Min 60 KV Min 50 KV (Breakdow n Voltage) 72.5 & < 145 KV Min 50 KV Min 40 KV in KV (IS:6972:1972) < 72.5 KV Min 40 KV Min 30 KV
MOISTURE IN OIL
Affects the dielectric properties of the oil.
Requirement AfterEnergizing Before Energizing Equipment Voltage The Transformer Transformer With and in Normal New Oil Service > 145 KV Max 15 ppm Max 25 ppm 72.5 KV & < 145 KV Max 20 ppm Max 35 ppm < 72.5 KV Max 25 ppm Max 35 ppm
Acid number can be defined as amount of KOH required in mg to neutralize the acid in 1 gram of transformer oil. New insulating oil has acid number less then 0.05.
It is the measure of imperfection of dielectric nature of oil. In an ideal dielectric oil, the current flowing through it should lead the voltage by 90 degrees when sinusoidal AC voltage is applied. But it is not the case in reality. The angle by which it is short of 90 degree is called loss angle. The cosine of the angle (90 - loss angle) is called power factor and the tangent of the loss angle is called dissipation factor. The loss factor (angle) relates to the inability of molecules in the oil to reorient themselves with an alternating electric field. This ability is dependent on the temperature of the sample, the size of the molecules involved, and their polarity. It is also dependent on the frequency of the alternating field.
The power factor and the tan delta are both affected by the molecular size, composition, and relative orientation of functional groups within the molecules. In general within a series of similar molecules, the tan delta will increase as the molecular weight increases. It is therefore essential to monitor this process through either Tan Delta or Power Factor Test.
IEEE suggested to monitor Power factor of Insulating oil while IS1866 suggest to monitor Tan Delta of Insulating oil. Some representative values are given in the below table.
As per IS standard
Tan Delta Type Of Unit Before Charging After Charging (Max) (Max) < or = 72.5 KV 0.05 1.00 72.5 - 145 KV 0.05 1.00 > 145 KV 0.05 0.20
Formation of acids and sludge is caused by oxidation of oil. Prime importance is to be given to the exclusion of oxygen from oil. To remove oxygen from the oil, oxygen inhibitor is added. This will act like sacrificial electrode. Inhibitor presently used in transformer oil is Ditertiary Butyal Peracresol (DBPC).
WHY IT IS REQUIRED??
LIFE OF TRANSFORMER IS LIFE OF SOLID INSULATION. TRANSFORMER INSULATION IS MADE UP FROM CELLULOSE. CELLULOSE IS A POLYMERIC MATERIAL OF CELLOBIOSE,[C12H14(OH)6]N-, WHERE N IS IN THE RANGE OF 300 TO 700 UNITS. CELLOBIOSE IT SELF MADE UP OF TWO GLUCOSE UNITS, C6H7O(OH)5 CALLED MONOMER.
WHY IT IS REQUIRED??
The number of monomer units in polymer is known as degree of polymerization (DP).
The new transformer insulation having DP in the range of 1000 to 1400 and at the end of life its DP value is less then 200. As paper ages or deteriorates due to heat, acids, oxygen and water, will produce water, CO, CO2, furan derivatives and Cellulose with reduce chain length. In furan derivatives 2 furaldehyde (FFT) is more stable and often found in oil as paper degrades.
CO2 concentration in oil in ppm 0 - 2500 2500 - 4000 4001 - 10000 > 10000
CO concentration in oil in ppm 0 - 350 351 - 570 571 - 1400 > 1400
If ration of CO2/CO is greater then 10 generally indicate thermal fault with involvement of cellulose (Low Temperature Thermal Fault Involving Cellulose).
Accelerated Aging Rate Excessive Aging Danger Zone High Risk Of Failure End of Expected Life of Paper Insulation and of The Transformer
RECOMMENDED TEST
EHV TRANSFORMERS/REACTORS (132 KV AND ABOVE BUT INCLUDING UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMERS): DGA, BDV and Moisture in oil to be done once in six month. Acidity, IFT, PF/Tan Delta and Furan analysis to be done once in year. Test for oxygen inhibitor to be done in once in two year. If possible metal particle analysis also to be done once in year.
DGA, BDV and Moisture analysis in oil to be done once in year. Acidity, IFT, PF/Tan Delta and Furan analysis to be done once in year. Test for oxygen inhibitor to be done in once in three year.
SOME EXAMPLES
Case I 2/27/75 Ratio Value IEC Ratio code
Hydrogen
Oxygen
1043
Carbon Dioxide
Ethylene
Ethane
1726*
Acetylene
Nitrogen
71,154
Methane
3997*
Carbon Monoxide
Conclusion : Thermal Fault, 700 C, Oil Overheating, Severe not involving cellulose.
SOME EXAMPLES
Case II 7/23/74 Ratio Value IEC Ratio code
Hydrogen
127 ppm
C2H2/C2H4 2.5 1
Oxygen
1947
Carbon Dioxide
2024
Ethylene
32
CH/H2
0.18
Ethane
1 C2H4/C2H6 32 2
Acetylene
81*
Nitrogen
78,887
Methane
24
Carbon Monoxide
No homogeneous condition with in the transformer due to which system is never at true equilibrium. Pinpointing of problem is not possible. Extremely difficult to reach on any conclusion based on single Analysis. When fault is detected other techniques are also required for assistance.
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