Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
LTE RPESS
Radio Propagation Fundamentals
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Nokia Siemens Networks Academy
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Module Objectives
After completing this module, the participant should be able to:
Understand basic radio propagation mechanisms
Understand fading phenomena
Calculate free space loss
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Module Contents
Propagation mechanisms
Multipath And Fading
Propagation Slope And Different Environments
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Module Contents
Propagation mechanisms
Basics: deciBel (dB)
Radio channel
Reflections
Diffractions
Scattering
Multipath And Fading
Propagation Slope And Different Environments
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deciBel (dB) Definition
Power
Voltages
dB
P
P
P
lin
P dB
=
|
\
|
.
|
= 10 10
0
10
log [ ]
.
( )
dB
E
E
E
lin
E dB
=
|
\
|
.
|
= 20 10
0
20
log [ ]
.
( )
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deciBel (dB) Conversion
Calculations in dB (deciBel)
Logarithmic scale
always with respect to a reference
dBW = dB above Watt
dBm = dB above mWatt
dBi = dB above isotropic
dBd = dB above dipole
dBV/m = dB above V/m
Rule-of-thumb:
+3dB = factor 2
+7 dB = factor 5
+10 dB = factor 10
-3dB = factor 1/2
-7 dB = factor 1/5
-10 dB = factor 1/10
-30 dBm = 1 W
-20 dBm = 10 W
-10 dBm = 100 W
-7 dBm = 200 W
-3 dBm = 500 W
0 dBm = 1 mW
+3 dBm = 2 mW
+7 dBm = 5 mW
+10 dBm = 10 mW
+13 dBm = 20 mW
+20 dBm = 100mW
+30 dBm = 1 W
+40 dBm = 10W
+50 dBm = 100W
LTE:
UE: max. 23 dBm
eNB: typ. 43 / 46 dBm
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Radio Channel Main Characteristics
Linear
In field strength
Reciprocal
UL & DL channel same (if in same frequency)
Dispersive
In time (echo, multipath propagation)
In spectrum (wideband channel)
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
delay time
direct path
echoes
Remember:
Multipath Effects
Normal / Extended CP
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Propagation Mechanisms (1/2)
Free-space propagation
Signal strength decreases
exponentially with distance
Reflection
Specular reflection
amplitude A a*A (a < 1)
phase f - f
polarisation material dependant
phase shift
Diffuse reflection
amplitude A a *A (a < 1)
phase f random
phase
polarisation random
specular reflection
diffuse reflection
D
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Propagation Mechanisms (2/2)
Absorption
Heavy amplitude
attenuation
Material dependant phase
shifts
Depolarisation
Diffraction
Wedge - model
Knife edge
Multiple knife edges
A A - 5..30 dB
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Scattering Macrocell
Scattering local to mobile
Causes fading
Small delay and angle spreads
Doppler spread causes time varying
effects
Scattering local to base station
No additional Doppler spread
Small delay spread
Large angle spread
Remote scattering
Independent path fading
No additional Doppler spread
Large delay spread
Large angle spread
Scattering to mobile
Scattering to base station
Remote scattering
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Scattering Microcell
Many local scatterers: Large angle spread
Low delay spread
Medium or high Doppler spread
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Module Contents
Reflections, Diffractions And Scattering
Multipath and Fading
Delay Time dispersion
Angle Angular Spread
Frequency Doppler Spread
Fading Slow & Fast
Propagation Slope And Different Environments
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Multipath propagation
Radio signal propagates from A to B over multiple paths using different
propagation mechanisms
Multipath Propagation
Received signal is a sum of multipath signals
Different radio paths have different properties
Distance Delay/Time
Direction Angle
Direction & Receiver/Transmitter Movement Frequency
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Delay Time dispersion
Multipath delays due to multipath propagation
1 s ~ 300 m path difference
LTE CP to mitigate multipath effects
CP (normal or extended) covers some 1.4 km or 20 km delay respectively
Standardized delay profiles in 3GPP specs:
TU3 typical urban at 3 km/h (pedestrians)
TU50 typical urban at 50 km/h (cars)
HT100 hilly terrain (road vehicles, 100 km/h)
RA250 rural area (highways, up to 250 km/h)
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t
P
4.
3.
2.
1.
1.
2.
=>
f1
f1
f1
f1
BTS
1st floor
2nd floor
3rd floor
4th floor
Delay Spread
Multipath
propagation
Channel impulse
response
Delayed components in
DAS
(Distributed antenna
systems)
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Delay Spread
Typical values
Environment Delay Spread (s)
Macrocellular, urban
0.5-3
Macrocellular,
suburban
0.5
Macrocellular, rural
0.1-0.2
Macrocellular, HT
3-10
Microcellular
< 0.1
Indoor
0.01...0.1
HT: hilly terrain
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Angle Angular Spread
Angular spread arises due to multipath, both from local scatterers near the mobile
and near the base station and remote scatterers
Angular spread is a function of base station location, distance and environment
Angular Spread has an effect mainly on the performance of diversity reception and
adaptive antennas
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Macrocellular Environment
= Macrocell Coverage Area
Microcellular Environment
= Microcell Coverage Area
Microcell Antenna
Macrocell Antenna
o
Angular Spread
5 - 10 degrees in macrocellular environment
>> 10 degrees in microcellular environment
< 360 degrees in indoor environment
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Frequency Doppler Spread
With a moving transmitter or receiver, the frequency observed by the receiver will
change (Doppler effect)
Rise if the distance on the radio path is decreasing
Fall if the distance in the radio path is increasing
The difference between the highest and the lowest frequency shift is called Doppler
spread
f
c
v v
f
d
= =
4
2
=
s
s
G
d
P
S
2
4t
=
P
P
G G
d
r
s
s r
=
|
\
|
.
|
t 4
2
Ps
As
Gs
Pr
Ar
Gr
d
S A P
eff r
=
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Propagation slope
The received power equation can be formulated as:
where
C is a constant
is the slope factor
Free space = 2
Practical propagation = 2.5 ... 5
2
4
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
C
= d C G G P P
r s s r