ENERGY TRANSFER SYSTEMS

Revision Session 1 16th April 2013

You need to be able to

apply knowledge of energy transfer involving

forms of energy, for example, sound, kinetic, potential, electrical and chemical to a variety of situations; use formulae to calculate energy change and comment on the significance of the results of the calculations explain the effects of friction on effective energy transfer;

Formulae Sheet
You will need to be able to recall, use and manipulate the formulae below, showing consideration for correct units: Potential Energy = mass (m) x acceleration (g) x height (h) due to gravity Kinetic Energy = x mass (m) x velocity2 (v2) Power = energy transferred (E) or Work Done (w) time taken (t) Cost = Power (P) x time (t) x cost per unit (u) Efficiency (%) = useful energy output x 100 total energy input

Forms of energy
Kinetic Energy

Elastic Potential Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy Thermal Energy Sound Energy Light Energy Nuclear Energy Chemical Energy Electrical Energy

Conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy transfers change the form of the

energy from one to another

In other words, the total energy in an

isolated system is constant

Energy transfers
Because the total energy is constant, energy is

transferred into different forms of energy in a system

eg in a lightbulb

Heat
Electrical Energy

Light

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Gravitational potential energy

This is the energy something has because of its position

relative to another mass, such as the Earth An object dropped from a height will accelerate towards the Earth at an almost constant 9.81Nkg-1 We can calculate the gravitational potential energy an object has from the equation

where m = mass, g=9.81 and h = the change in height of

the object.

Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy it the energy something has because it is

moving. It depends on its mass and speed.

where m = mass, v=velocity

Momentum

momentum changes in collisions; the more momentum an object has the harder it is to stop

it; if the object has to lose all its momentum quickly, eg in a car crash, the force needed to stop it will be even greater.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nm5tUzD8oXU

Friction
Friction acts to reduce the effective energy transfer.

Friction acts between two solid surfaces when they are in

relative motion. Friction OPPOSES the motion and is greater the more surface area contact there is. Friction loses energy as heat.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfDFMurv-jM

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Examination question June 10

Examination question June 10

Examination question June 10

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You need to be able to

understand the effect of impulse in a collision, how

materials and products are manufactured to increase the impact time and reduce the overall effect of the collision;

Collisions
Head on collisions are the most common cause of severe

and fatal injuries in car crashes. Modern cars have a range of occupant restraint systems designed to decelerate passengers in a controlled way. Otherwise passengers would carry on at their original velocity until the wheel or windscreen decelerated them.

Reducing the force

The initial momentum of the car depends on its velocity

(p=mv) and the final momentum is zero. The force is the time taken to decelerate

Increasing the duration of the impact therefore reduces

the force on the passengers. This could be done by introducing a

Examination question

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Impulse
The change in momentum is also known as

In a crash the impulse has the same value as the initial

momentum because the final momentum is zero.

For two objects

Firing a bullet from a gun Momentum of object 1 = Momentum of object 2

ie mass of bullet (m1) x velocity of bullet (v1) = mass of gun (m2) x velocity of gun(v2) The gun will move back towards you with velocity v2

Examination question Jan 11

Examination question Jan 11

Examination question Jan 11

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You need to be able to

compare the energy input and work done in a variety of

real-life situations and understand that the work done is equal to the energy transferred; understand that power is the rate of transferring energy.

Work done
Work done = energy input into a system

Power
Power is the rate of energy transfer. This means the

amount of WORK DONE per SECOND. Power is measured in Watts (W) which are equivalent to J/s

Efficiency
The efficiency of something is how much energy you get

out, compared to the energy you put in.

Examination question Jan 10

Examination question Jan 11

Mark scheme Jan 10

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Cost of electrical appliances

Calculate the cost of using electrical appliances using the formula

You need to be able to compare the cost of using a variety of appliances

Examination question (cont)

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Examination question Jan 11

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Examination question Jan 10

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