Lecture 6 Road Foundation

By Suwardo Bahasa Inggris Teknik Program Diploma Teknik Sipil FT UGM

Objective (RPKPS)
Memberikan tugas pemahaman bacaan tentang Road Foundation Memimpin dan membimbing diskusi tentang makna bacaan Road Foundation Memberikan pertanyaan terkait bacaan Road Foundation

English for Civil Engineering

Highway Pavement
Highway pavements are divided into two main categories: rigid and flexible. Rigid pavement is made of Portland cement concrete, meanwhile flexible pavement is constructed of bituminous materials. Moreover, flexible pavement are divided into three subgroups: high type, intermediate type, and low type.
High-type pavement have wearing surfaces that adequately support the expected traffic load without visible distress due to fatigue and are not susceptible to weather conditions. Intermediate-type pavements have wearing surfaces that range from surface treated to those with qualities just below that of high-type pavements. Low-type pavements are used mainly for low-cost roads and have wearing surfaces that range from untreated to loose natural materials to surface-treated earth.
Source: Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel (2002), Traffic and Highway Engineering
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Comparison
Rigid pavement
Wearing surface is made of Portland cement concrete. As a beam over any irregularities in the underlying supporting material.

Flexible pavement
Wearing surface is constructed of bituminous materials. The underlying supporting material consists of multiple layer of foundation such as a layer of granular materials, a layer of a mixture of coarse and fine materials, and a layer of sub-grade/soil prepared.

Source: Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel (2002), Traffic and Highway Engineering
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Layers of a Flexible Pavement

Layer 1 Asphalt Concrete Layer 2 Base Course

Layer 3 Subbase Course

Subgrade Layer-Prepared Soil

Source: J.D. Fricker & R.K. Whitford (2004) Fundamentals of Transportation Engineering: Multimodal Systems Approach
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Load Distribution on a Flexible Pavement

Wheel Load

Note the spreading of the stress distribution as the pavement flexes under the wheel load

Surface Layer Base Course

Subbase Course

Subgrade/Soil

Source: J.D. Fricker & R.K. Whitford (2004) Fundamentals of Transportation Engineering: Multimodal Systems Approach
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Asphalt Pavement Layers

The most flexible pavements are constructed with several layers of material, usually placed on top of compacted subgrade/soil. The flexible pavement deflects under load, so that the stress (deflection) will be transmitted through the pavement structure all the way to the subgrade. In this way, the stress is spread over an area much larger than the contact area of the tires. This is called the cone effect, as shown in Figure mentioned above. Thus, the dynamic characteristics of the subgrade (along with the materials in the other layers) play an important part in the overall pavement structural strength. The more resilient the subgrade, the less the paving materials in the layers above the subgrade must be to achieve a given overall pavement strength.

English for Civil Engineering

Materials for Asphalt Pavement

Asphalt materials used in building flexible pavements are frequently obtained as product of the distillation of crude petroleum. In the distillation process, they are the heaviest (residue) materials after the removal of better grades of gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel. There are several grades of asphalt retrieved from the distillation process. Depending on their material characteristics, there are grades used in road building for:
Asphalt concrete in roads, parking areas, driveways, etc. Road mix, base course, patching, etc. Surface treatment, tack coat, and sealing Embankments and reservoir linings
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Materials for Asphalt Pavement (2)

The asphalt concrete used in most raod construction is a wellmixed combination of asphalt cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and other materials, depending on whether it is cold or hot mixe, cold or hot laid. When used in highway pavements, it must resist deformation from loads, be skid resistant (even when wet), and be impervious to most weather and deicing chemicals. Recently, machines were developed to permit the reuse of the asphalt. Old pavement is taken up and processed to recover the asphalt, then the reproduced asphalt is relaid.

English for Civil Engineering