In the name of Allah, the most gracious, the most compassionate

BY: Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal

SEPTEMBER 21, 2012

 A paradigm is essentially a fundamental way of viewing and making sense of particular aspects of our world. It is often made up of beliefs, assumptions, and values about the nature of things, paradigms often act as a kind of lens through which we see the world. As a lens it includes some things and excludes others.

Teaching in higher education has been dominated by teacher-centered approaches transmitted from teacher to the learner development of instruction and control of learning is with instruction. Knowledge is static and outside the individual. Learners passively receive information. Characterized by more talk, usually group instruction, reliance on text books, and classroom management by seating students in rows facing a blackboard. Teacher Decides what is required by the students.

Individuals are more likely to retain knowledge when they learn through active problem solving. Learning is often a social process, enriched by the insights of others. Teacher takes into account the learners prior knowledge and experiences of individual learners and helps the learners understand the new information within the context of this prior knowledge. Student is a t the center of the learning process.

The teacher is there to assist learners, to help them develop skills which ultimately enable them to learn throughout their lives. Basic responsibility of learning rests with the learner , and the instructor helps facilitate the learning process at both the individual and group levels. The Teacher continuously assesses the progress of the student in terms of learning outcomes. This approach is basically individualistic, flexible, competency based, varied in methodology and not always constrained by time and place.

Pedagogy means the art and science of educating children, pedagogy embodies teacher-focused education. Teachers assume responsibility for making decisions about what will be learned, how it will be learned.

The art and science of helping adults learners. Learner-focused education for people of all ages. Andragogical approach is all about putting the learner in the drivers seat.

Pedagogy
The learner Dependent. Teacher directs what, when, how a subject

Andragogy
Moves towards independence. Self-direction. Teacher encourages and

is learned and tests that it

has been learned The learners Experience Of little worth. Hence teaching methods are didactic Readiness to learn People learn what society

nurtures this movement

A rich resource for learning. Hence teaching methods include discussion, problem-solving etc. People learn what they need to know, so that

expects them to. So that the learning programme organized around life curriculum is standardized. application. Learning experiences should be based around experience, since people are performance centered in their learning.

Orientation to learning

Acquisition of subject matter. Curriculum organized by subjects.

Effective teachers use an array of teahcing strategies because there is no ingle, Universal approach that suits all situations.. Different strategies used in different combinations with different groupings of students will improve learning outcomes. Some strategies are better suited to certain student backgrounds, learning style3s and abilities.

RIPHA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Dr. Zafar Iqbal Individual Assignment No. 1 Name: _________________________Institute _________________________________ Subject_____________________________Cell No. _____________________________ Time: 20 Minutes Date. 21-09-2012 1. Compare teacher centered approach and Learner centered approaching in higher education at your own. 2. Which approach would you like to use in your classroom teaching and why? 3. Now compare it with chart given on page 8 + 9 of module
Teacher centered Learner centered

(Dr. M. Zafar Iqbal)

Q?