NSN 3G Radio Planning Day2 v1 3

3G Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
- Day 2 -
NOKIA
FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Agenda Day 2
Radio Resource Management
Pre-Launch Optimisation Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
RAN Sharing Multilayer Planning
NOKIA
Radio Resource Management - Objectives At the end of this module you will be able to...

List all RRM entities and explain their function Explain the interworking between Load Control, Admission Control and Packet Scheduler Describe the different handover possibilities List the two most important soft handover parameters Describe the difference between noncontrollable and controllable traffic Explain why LA, RA, SA and URA area planning is needed Explain the cell search/synchronisation procedure of the UE Explain how scrambling code planning affects cell search performance Explain the concept of group planning
NOKIA

UMTS Traffic Classes
CS domain PS domain
Conversational
Streaming
Interactive
Background
RT traffic
NRT traffic
Conversational class is meant for traffic which is very delay sensitive while background class is the most delay insensitive traffic class. Conversational and streaming classes are mainly intended to be used to carry real time traffic flows. Interactive class and Background are mainly meant to be used by traditional Internet applications like WWW, Email, Telnet, FTP and News
4 NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN

RAN Data Rates
AMR speech Rate (kbps) 12.20 10.20 7.95 7.40 6.70 5.90 5.15 4.75
Transparent CS data Rate (kbps) 64 33.6 32 28.8 Extensive multicall capability Non-transparent CS data Rate (kbps) PS data Rate (kbps) 512* 384 320 256 144** 128 64 32 16 8 57.6 28.8 14.4
* RAN2 DL ** RAN2
5 NOKIA
Maximum user data rate 384 kbps (512kbps DL in RAN2)

Overview
Radio Resource Management (RRM) is responsible for efficient utilization of the air interface resources RRM is needed to maximize the radio performance Guarantee Quality of Service (BLER, BER, delay) Maintain the planned coverage for each service Ensure planned capacity with low blocking optimise the use of capacity RRM can be divided into Power control Handover control Admission Control Power Control Load Control Load C ontrol Admission control Iub Load control (Congestion control) Power Control Packet scheduling BTS DR NC Resource Manager Iur Admission Control
MS Iub BTS SRNC Packet S cheduler Load Control Handover Control Power C ontrol Iu
NOKIA

Logical Model
LC RM PS
AC Admission Control
AC
Network based functions
LC Load Control PS Packet Scheduler
RM Resource Manager
PC Power Control
PC
HC HO Control
HC
Connection based functions
NOKIA

Overview of RRM Algorithms
Power control (PC) maintains radio link level quality by adjusting the uplink and downlink powers.
The quality requirements are tried to get with minimum transmission powers to achieve low interference in radio access network. The basic functions of WCDMA power control are: Open loop power control (RACH, FACH) Fast closed loop power control (DCH, DSCH) Outer loop power control
Handover Control (HC) controls the active state mobility of UE in RAN.
HC maintains the radio link quality and minimises the radio network interference by optimum cell selection in handovers. The Handover Control (HC) of the Radio Access Network (RAN) supports the following handover procedures: Intra-frequency soft/softer handover Intra-frequency hard handover Inter-frequency handover Inter-system (GSM) handover
NOKIA

Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request to establish a Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is admitted in the Radio Access Network (RAN) or not.
Admission control is used to maintain stability and to achieve high traffic capacity of RAN. The AC algorithm is executed when radio access bearer is setup or the bearer is modified. The AC measures take place as well with all kind of handovers.
Load Control (LC) continuously information of cells controlled by RNC
updates
the
load
Load Control and provides this information to the AC and PS for radio resource controlling purposes. In overload situations, the LC performs the recovering actions by using the functionalities of AC, PS and HC.
NOKIA

Packet scheduler (PS) schedules radio resources for NRT radio access bearers both in uplink and downlink direction.

The traffic load of cell determines the scheduled transmission capacity. The information of load caused by NRT bearers is determined by PS. It can be said that PS controls the NRT load when system is not in overload. PS also allocates and changes the bitrates of NRT bearers. PS controls both dedicated and shared channels.
10
NOKIA

Wideband Power Based RRM
Nokia RRM has the following principles for the operation of network based algorithms, admission control, packet scheduler and load control: RRM is operating cell basis, i.e. operations are done for a single cell without taking neighbouring cells account. System load is measured based on total averaged power/ interference in a cell. In uplink it is the total received wideband interference power (PrxTotal) and in downlink it is the total transmitted power (PtxTotal). AC, PS and LC operations are based these two measurements. AC, PS and LC operations are done separately for uplink and downlink.
Uplink Node B Measurement RRM in RNC Total received wideband power PrxTotal Keep load at PrxTraget (max) Downlink Total transmitted wideband power PtxTotal Keep load at PrxTraget (max)
RRM has the ability to manage cell loading based on the total average uplink/downlink power, which has the affect of eliminating the cell shrinkage occurring due to variations in neighbour cell interference levels.

Power Control
The target of the power control (PC) is to achieve the minimum signal-tointerference ratio (SIR) that is required for the sufficient quality of the connection Power control provides protection against large changes in shadowing, immediate response for fast changes in signal levels and interference levels (SIR). Power control is also needed to cope with the near far problem PC entity fulfils the radio link power related adjustment by the following basic procedures: Uplink open loop PC algorithm and random access procedure PC for downlink common physical channels Fast closed loop PC Outer loop PC
12
NOKIA

Power Control Loops
Fast Closed loop PC measures the Interference level Outer loop PC maintains the set quality
Immediate response to fading and fast changes in signal and interference levels DL Outer Loop PC
Fast Closed Loop PC
SRNC
RNC
Iub
UE
Node B
UL Outer Loop PC
Quality loop: Maintains the specified error rate
13
NOKIA

Power Control Loops
UL Open loop power control for initial power setting of the UE UE performs the initial transmission power calculation with the help of received info from RNC path loss between Node B and UE uplink interference level (measured by Node B) required received C/I With Random Access Channel (RACH) power ramping is done with preambles Preamble: In the beginning mobile sends low power and increases it until Node B is able to detect it After the initial transmission and the synchronisation procedure the fast closed loop PC starts.
L1 ACK / AICH
Downlink / BS Not detected
P2 P1
RACH
Uplink / MS Preamble
Preamble
Message part

Power Control Loops
Fast Closed loop power control (UL/DL)
Closed loop PC mechanism aims to maintain a SIR target value specified by outer loop PC. The SIR is measured on pilot bits of the dedicated control channel and a corresponding transmit power control (TPC) command is sent on the reverse link. In UL closed loop PC, the BTS measures the SIR on pilot bits of the UL DPCCH and transmits the corresponding Transmit Power Control (TPC) value on DL DCH. The UE decodes the TPC value and responds accordingly In DL closed loop PC UE measures the SIR value on pilots bits of the DL DPCH and transmits the corresponding TPC command on UL DPCCH. In Nokia RAN 1.5 the DL closed loop PC will be such that a TPC command will be generated by the UE for every time slot in a radio frame.
15
NOKIA

Power Control Loops
Outer loop power control
The outer loop PC adjusts the SIR target used by the closed loop PC. The SIR target is independently adjusted for each connection based on the estimated quality of the connection. The initial value is provided by admission control functionality in the RNC. The SIR target value is to be set so that the usage of radio resources is most effective, the power is set to minimum possible, still ensuring that the quality of the connection is good enough. In uplink outer loop PC the RNC monitors the link quality and adjusts the new SIR target accordingly for the fast closed loop PC. UE takes care of the downlink outer loop PC. Downlink outer loop PC sets the SIR target for the downlink fast closed loop PC according to quality estimates of the received channel. Downlink outer loop PC functions are mainly located in the UE, but some control parameters, e.g. BLER target, are set by the RNC.
16
NOKIA

Power Control Loops
TPC commands if SIR > (SIR)set then "down" else "up" UE adjusts power according to TPC commands
UE1
P1
TPC commands
P2
UE1 and UE2 are transmitting on the same frequency => equalizing transmitter powers is critical ("near-far" problem) Optimum situation: P1 = P2 at the Node B at all times
Node B
UE2
Different path attenuations are compensated by using power control.
Open loop power control: UE adjusts its initial transmitter power according to received signal level
Closed loop power control: Node B commands UE to increase or decrease its transmission power at 1.5 kHz It is based on received signal to interference ratio (SIR) estimates in Node B. Closed loop power control also follows the fast fading pattern at low and medium speeds (< 50 km/h)

Uplink Outer Loop Power Control
required (SIR)set for 1 % FER
outer loop TPC maintains link quality optimises capacity / range is the "link adaptation" method in WCDMA
MS stands still
during soft handover: comes after soft handover frame selection

time
if SIR > (SIR)set then "down" else "up"
if FER increase then (SIR)set "up" else (SIR)set "down"
CN
RNC
outer loop control
(SIR)set adjustment command frame reliability info
18
NOKIA

Common Channel Power Planning
BTS power allocation rule: For Pilot CPCIH 10 %, For other common channels, 10 % For dedicated channels, the rest Ec/Ior=fraction of the power of the channel of interest from the total BS power.

At low UE speed, power control compensates the fading : fairly constant receive power and Tx power with high variations With diversity the variations in Tx power is less At UE speed >100km/h fast power control cannot follow the fast fading, therefore diversity helps keep receive power level more or less constant In the UL Tx affects adjacent cell interference and Rx power affects interference within the cell.
Power Control & Diversity
20
NOKIA

Soft/Softer handover In Soft HO MS is simultaneously connected to multiple cells In softer HO MS is simultaneously connected to multiple cell within same Node B Mobile Evaluated Handover (MEHO) Intra-frequency handover Hard handover Intra-Frequency hard handover Arises when inter-RNC SHO is impossible Decision procedure is the same as SHO MEHO and RNC controlled HO Causes temporary disconnection of the user Inter-Frequency handover (RAN1.5) Can be intra-BS hard handover, intra-RNC hard handover, inter-RNC hard handover Network Evaluated Handover (NEHO) Decision algorithm located in RNC Handovers both for RT and NRT Services Inter-System handover (RAN1.5) Handovers for CS voice and CS data (NEHO) Network initiated cell Re-selection for PS (RT or NRT) data to GSM/GPRS
Handovers
21
NOKIA

Soft Handover
Softer-Soft HO
Soft-Soft HO Softer HO
Soft HO
22
NOKIA

Nokia Soft Handover Algorithm
MS Ec/N0 Strongest pilot in active set MS Ec/N0 value
1. The CPICH Ec/N0 exceeds Strongest pilot in active set Addition Window. The mobile station starts Addition Time timer
Addition Window
Drop Window
1.
2.
3.
4.
Addition Time
Drop Time
time
Neighbour Set Neighbor Set
Active Set
Neighbour Set Neighbor Set
2. The CPICH Ec/N0 has been continuously higher than Strongest pilot in active set Addition Window, RNC add the neighbour to Active set after the Addition Time timer expires. 3. The CPICH Ec/N0 is smaller than Strongest pilot in active set - Drop Window. The mobile station starts Drop Time timer 4. The CPICH Ec/N0 has been continuously smaller than Strongest pilot in active set Drop Window, RNC drops the cell from the active set to the neighbour set after the Drop Time timer expires.
23
NOKIA

Load Control
The purpose of load control is to optimise the capacity of a cell and prevent overload situation. Load control consists of Admission Control (AC) and Packet Scheduler (PS) algorithms, and Load Control (LC) which updates the load status of the cell based on resource measurements and estimations provided by AC and PS.
Load change info
Load status
AC
LC
NRT load
PS
24
NOKIA

Load Control
Since the main criteria in a WCDMA system for the radio resources is the interference, the load of the cell under the RNC is measured periodically based on uplink interference level downlink transmission power levels In uplink, the basic measured quantity indicating load is the total received power of a Node B, PrxTotal
In downlink, the basic measured quantity indicating load is the total transmitted power of a Node B, PtxTotal
25
NOKIA

Radio Interface Load in Uplink
PrxTarget (dB) defines the optimal operating point of the cell interference power, up to which the AC of the RNC can operate. Noise rise as a function of fractional load
20 18 16 14 Noise rise [dB] 12 10 8 6 OVERLOAD AREA MARGINAL LOAD AREA FEASIBLE LOAD AREA PrxTarget [dB] + PrxOffset [dB] PrxTarget [dB]
4
2 0
Noise floor 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Fractional load 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
26
NOKIA

Radio Interface Load in DL
In the downlink, the own cell load factor can be defined as the ratio of the measured transmission power, PtxTotal, to the maximum transmission power of cell
PtxTotal [dBm]
Ptx _ total Ptx _ BTS max
Load in DL
C ell maximum [dBm]
O VER LO AD AR EA
PtxT arget [dBm]+PtxO ffset [dB]

MARG INAL LOAD AREA
PtxTarget [dBm]
FEASIBLE L OAD AR EA
[0...1] 0 1 Load
27
NOKIA

Admission Control
Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request to establish a Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is admitted in the RAN or not. AC is used to maintain stability and to achieve high traffic capacity of RAN. The AC algorithm is executed when radio access bearer is setup or the bearer is modified. The AC measures take place as well with all kind of handovers. The AC algorithm estimates the load increase, which the establishment of the bearer would cause in the radio network. Both uplink and downlink direction is estimated separately. The inter-cell interference effect is estimated. Bearer is not admitted if the predicted load exceeds particular thresholds either in uplink or downlink. In decision procedure AC will use the load information produced by the Load Control (LC) and packet scheduler (PS) functionalities of RRM.
28
NOKIA

Admission Control
The traffic can be divided into two groups Real Time (RT) or non-controllable Non-Real Time (NRT) or controllable
THUS some portion of capacity must be reserved for the RT traffic for mobility purposes all the time. The proportion between RT and NRT traffic varies all the time.
Overload area Load Target Power Overload Margin Estimated capacity for NRT traffic. Measured load caused by noncontrollable load Time

Admission Control
Since it is not enough to divide the load to RT and NRT one must take into account the interference coming from surrounding cells. Traffic is divided into controllable and non-controllable traffic. Non-controllable traffic = RT users + other-cell users + noise + other NRT users which operate minimum bit rate
Controllable traffic=
NRT users
30
NOKIA

Admission Control
power PrxOffset / PtxOffset PrxTarget / PtxTarget
PrxTotal / PtxTotal PrxNrt / PtxNrt PrxNc / PtxNc
controllable power non-controllable power time
ADMISSION DECISION: A RAB request is accepted if the estimated noncontrollable uplink and downlink load, measured in total received interference power and transmitted carrier power, keeps below the planned load target and the current total load below the overload threshold, defined by target and offset parameters.
31
NOKIA

Packet Scheduler
Packet scheduler is a general feature, which takes care of scheduling radio resources for NRT radio access bearers for both UL and DL Admission control (AC) and packet scheduler (PS) both participate to the handling of NRT radio bearers Packet scheduler allocates appropriate radio resources for the duration of a packet call, i.e. active data transmission.
Admission control handles bit rate NR TR AB allocat ed, packet service session R ACH/F ACH, DSCH or DCH allocation P acket call
Short inactive periods during packet call
time P acket scheduler handles
32
NOKIA

Resource Manager
The main function of RM is to allocate logical radio resources of NodeB according to the channel request by the RRC layer for each radio connection The RM is located in the RNC and it works in close co-operation with the AC and the PS
The actual input for resource allocation comes from the AC /PS and RM informs the PS about the resource situation
The RM is able to switch codes and code types for different reasons such as soft handover and defragmentation of code tree. Manages the Node B logical resources Node B reports the available logical HW resources Maintains the code tree, Allocates the DL channelization codes, UL scrambling code, UL channelization code type Allocates UTRAN Registration Area(URA) specific Radio Network Temporary Identifier(RNTI) allocated for each connection and reallocated when updating URA
33
NOKIA

Resource Manager
Spreading = channelization and scrambling operations (producing the signal at the chip rate, i.e. spreads the signal to the wideband) Downlink: Scrambling code separates the cells and channelization code separates connection The length of the channelization code is the spreading factor All physical channels are spread with channelization codes, Cm(n) and subsequently by the scrambling code, CFSCR
The code order, m and the code number, n designates each and every channellization code in the layered orthogonal code sequences.
user data chanellizationscrambling code code
widespread data
34
NOKIA

DL Primary Scrambling Code
DL Scrambling code Info is needed for Synchronization between UE and Node B for cell search & identification procedure during

call set up handover
Cell search procedure in UE & in frame synchronization

Most Important step !
search step 1: slot synchronization to a cell search step 2: frame synchronization & code group identification search step 2: scrambling code identification
Each cell has it's own Scrambling code (like BCCH is GSM) which need to be planned (like frequency planning in GSM) Total 512 scrambling codes are available (0511), they are in 64 groups, each group having 8 codes Codes could be allocated from same group of from different groups in the planning area
35
NOKIA

Primary Scrambling Code
Here is how Primary Scrambling codes are seen for Planning Engineer (i=0511)
Codes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
2 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
63 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511
Code Group 1
36
NOKIA

DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule
Scrambling code should be selected in optimum way because It has affect to the cell search algorithm (time) The call setup/HO performance depends on the reliability of the search procedure in cell search step 2 and 3 There must be large enough separation (minimum reuse) between two cells using the same scrambling code (like frequency reuse in GSM) Recommended minimum reuse is 64
Scrambling code Planning Rule Minimize the number of used code groups Maximize the number of codes per group
The rule is valid in all neighbour sets in all environments
37
NOKIA

DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule
Scrambling code planning is independent for each carrier layer => same codes could be used Cell search time increases when the number of neighbours is high like in Urban area The size of the neighbour sets should be large enough to include all useful candidates but as small as possible to maintain fast synchronization process
38
NOKIA

DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule - Example
PriScrCode
Area with 12 Node B(1+1+1) sites
Assign the codes such that codes form geographic cluster of cells. Two code groups enough up to 15 neighbours
UE
Cluster of cells having 2 code groups

IntraFreqNcell ScrCode

Registration and Service Areas - Overview
Four Registration areas are known in UMTS
Location area (LA) in core network CS domain Routing area (RA) in core network PS domain UTRAN registration area (URA) in UTRAN (not visible to the core network) Cell as the smallest entity in the UTRAN (not visible to the core network)
Service Area (SA)

Used to inform the core network about the location of a UE location based services UTRAN does not make use of SA
40
NOKIA

Location Area (LA)
LA is used for location information in the CS domain of the core network Each cell in the network is assigned a single location area code (LAC) No overlap between location areas. A LA consists of a set of cells with a size of at minimum one cell and at maximum an MSC/VLR area.
A RNC may include many LAs or a LA may span over many RNC areas
When crossing the border of an LA in idle mode, the UE has to perform a location (LA) update procedure.
41
NOKIA

Routing Area (RA)
The RA is used for paging in PS domain of the core network Each cell in the network is assigned a single location area code (RAC) No overlap between routing areas. A RA has to be a subset of a LA and cannot span upon more than one LA.
A RA has a size of at minimum one cell and at maximum a SGSN area.

When crossing the border of a RA, the UE has to perform a routing area (RA) update procedure.
A RNC may include many RAs or a RA may span over many RNC areas.
42
NOKIA

UTRAN Registration Area (URA)
URA area is used inside UTRAN, but not at CN level Each cell in the network is assigned at least one URA identifier (URAid) Overlapping URAs are possible Overlapping URAs reduces the number of URA updates for a given UE URA consist of number of cells belonging to either one or several RNCs URA is used to avoid high amount of cell updates for high mobility UEs. RNC commands the UE to change from CELL_PCH state to URA_PCH state only URA updates instead of cell updates URA update is a RRC procedure
43
NOKIA

Cell
A cell is the smallest entity in the UTRAN, it is not known in the core network A cell update takes place if the UE leaves the cell border while it is in CELL_FACH, CELL_DCH or CELL_PCH state.
Cell update is a RRC procedure
44
NOKIA

Service Area (SA)
The SA identifies an area consisting of one or more cells beloning to the same LA The Service Area Identifier is composed of the PLMN Identifier, the Location Area Code (LAC) and the Service Area Code (SAC). Service Area is used for location based services In RAN1.5 the max accuracy is the cell level In RAN2.1 the accuracy is better -inside the cell In RAN2.0 there is the Service Area Broadcast feature which enables information providers to submit short messages for broadcasting to a specified Service Area within the PLMN. These messages could be used for informing about e.g. PLMN news, emergencies, traffic reports, road accidents, delayed trains, weather reports, theatre programmes, telephone numbers or tariffs
45
NOKIA

Impact of Registration Areas on Common Channel Traffic
LA, RA or URA size affects the amount of traffic on PCH in (paging) and on RACH and FACH (area updates)
With increasing sizes of LA, RA or URA, traffic on the PCH will increase. The bigger the registration area, the higher the probability that extra PCH traffic is produced in a cell and the higher the PCH traffic is in that cell. With increasing sizes of LA, RA and URA, the traffic on RACH and FACH will decrease. The bigger the registration area, the lower the probability for a specific UE to cross an area border and therefore traffic caused by LA, RA or URA updates decreases.
The planning task is to define the registration area such, that FACH, RACH and PCH traffic is kept low while the battery liftime of the UEs is kept high.
46
NOKIA
Agenda Day 2
Pre-Launch Optimisation
Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
47
NOKIA
Pre-Launch Optimisation - Objectives At the end of this module you will be able to...
List the actions which are done during prelaunch optimisation
List the tools which are used during prelaunch optimisation

List at least three parameters which could be tuned during pre-launch optimisation Explain the three golden rules for prelaunch optimisation
48
NOKIA
Pre-launch Optimisation
Introduction
Pre-launch Optimisation means actions to meet the defined coverage and quality criteria Drive tests are done to test

Coverage for different data rate services Pilot channel coverage Soft handover areas and probabilities Quality (BLER)
Key Performance Indicators (KPI) are defined to measure the criteria

Cell total data throughput Call setup success rates for different services Call drop rates Soft Handover performance
49
NOKIA
Pre-launch Optimisation
Process
Network Management
Nokia NetActTM for 3G Field Tool Server configuration KPIs, counters
WCDMA RAN
Configuration
KPIs, measurements
air-interface
RAN Optimisation
pre-defined procedures semi / full automated
No Start
WindowAdd WindrowDrop Change 1 stepsize Change 1 stepsize
CompThreshold Change 1 stepsize
DropTimer Change 1 stepsize
NMS: Collect network performance data
Evaluate KPI 'HO Overhead'. OK ?
Yes
Evaluate all network KPIs. OK ?
No
Go to relevant optimisation flow-chart
Yes
Field Tool
End
50
NOKIA
Tools
Drive test tools for Coverage verification

Agilent scanner Nemo Technologies TOM Ericsson TEMS
Post Processing tool for rollout verification, planning validation, infrastructure verification and network optimisation
Actix Analyzer v. 4.1 and NetAct
Network Configuration tool for Performance Info (PI, KPI)
Network Element Management Unit (Nemu)
Network protocol analyzer for troubleshooting
NetHawk
Uplink and Downlink loading tools

Additional terminals (if available) used to increase network load. Hardblocking will be used to limit required number of terminals
Initial Drive Testing Configuration
RNC
BTS
Iub (ATM)
Iu-CS
( ATM ) STM-1 STM-1
Iu-PS (IP)
Nethawk analyser A WCDMA scanner (Agilent, Nemo Technologies TOM or Ericsson TEMS) can be used for (passive) idle mode downlink measurements: CPICH Ec/Io Active set (neighbor list measurements) Location information When used together with a UE (no monitoring) and the protocol analyzer, it can (analysing messaging in Iub interface) be used to assess the UE behavior
Postprocessing (Actix and/or a customised tool) tool to correlate the data from network and terminal side by using the timestamp
Extract radio parameters which are exchanged over the RRC protocol: Uplink SIR target, Downlink BLER target, UL CRC OK/NOK etc. NBAP Radio link Measurement report Dedicated RRC messages
52
NOKIA
Load Generation
Because the load situation in the network in the beginning is small, load generation is needed to simulate the situation in loaded network In uplink there is a possibility to generate noise simply by adding noise to the UL branch to test coverage by using the UEs which increases the the load in the cell (noise like interference) Use X simultaneous Y kbits/s RT services to achieve the load In downlink it is more challenging and also important since a smaller or larger part of the interference is orthogonal and it is less thermal noise like. Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator (OCNS) is a mechanism used to simulate the users or control signals on the other orthogonal channels of a downlink link OCNS is a feature candidate in RAN2.1
53
NOKIA
Soft Handover Optimisation Example
There are few parameters that have a great influence for the Soft Handover of the network
+ Soft HO Overhead
too high Addition Window too low
Too wide soft HO area
unnecessary soft HO branch addition
- DL Troughput
Too small soft HO area
UL macrodiversity gain decrease
- UL Troughput
Add Window Drop Window Maximum Active Set Size Drop Time Transmission power of the CPICH channel Replacement Window
frequent HOs
+ signalling overhead
Optimising Soft Handover Areas
Before After Active set size
Microscopic analysis on area of 1 km2 and 39 sites
SHOO [%]
KPI improvement
Purpose: Increase network performance Target: Soft Handover Overhead at optimal point
40 35 30 30 25 20 0 1
Degraded performance
Method: adjust window_add and window_drop parameters

Result: Optimal parameter value found
Selected optimal parameter value

2 3 4 Simulation Phase
Semi-optimal
5 6
55
NOKIA
Optimisation Based on Statistics
Optimisation is mainly based on Nokia NetAct reports Field measurements are used to get additional information from the pinpointed problem spots Useful for optimisation To locate the problem spots geographically and by network elements To prioritise actions needed with the help of KPIs To identify reasons for non-performance by giving information on various statistical indicators and network history Basis for area-wide performance improvement Area wide parameter tuning based on long-term statistics and trends Alarms of future problems in fast-growing traffic areas Prior notice to be able to react in time and to be prepared for network expansions
56
NOKIA
Dynamic Simulations for Higher Visibility
Static simulations Snapshot Algorithms Traffic Performance analysing Propagation

Simplified and limited algorithms, e.g no power control No traffic model
Dynamic simulations Movie

Realistic Nokia algorithms; also future algorithms Realistic traffic model; projection of traffic growth Statistics collected over time period from detailed call simulations Ray-tracing propagation model with vector map Moving randomly or along roads with random speed
Real network Reality

Current software versions in use Traffic is low in network launch Statistics collected from network management system Multipath propagation Moving in three dimensions
Statistics collected from snapshots

Ray-tracing propagation model with vector map Static
Mobility
57
NOKIA
Optimisation Example
Initial network plan consisted of total 59 cells, of which 24 were in micro layer and 35 were in macro layer In the first optimisation round antenna tilts and bearings were tuned in macro cells The sites were already optimised for GSM Number of served users increased outdoor users about 2.5% indoor users about 2.6% mixed case about 3.1% Change of other to own cell interference i (average) outdoor: from 0.43 to 0.44 indoor: from 0.47 to 0.43 mixed: from 0.43 to 0.44
Pre-Launch Optimisation Macro: Little i in the beginning
59
NOKIA
Pre-Launch Optimisation Macro: Little i after Optimisation
60
NOKIA
Capacity increase after Optimisation
Total number of users is 2500 both in macro and micro layers Indoor case means that 14 dB attenuation has been used compared to outdoor
Mixed case means that 30 % mobiles are inside

Increase is more than 10 % as shown below Biggest outage reason is the max achieved Node B power
Macro layer users optimised users change users Micro layer optimised users change
Outdoor
Indoor mixed
1931
1872 1943
2206
2079 2211
+14%
+11% +13%
1486
1559 1485
1689
1755 1713
+12%
+11% +13%
61
NOKIA
3 Golden rules
Optimisation Principles
Avoid unnecessary overlapping
Problem Overlapping of cells, no clear dominance Put cells close to users Cell sizes do not match to user distribution Make sure there is coverage
Under stand
No coverage
Detect
Problem indicator in Planning Tool
- High i - Low capacity - High soft handover overhead
- Outage due to BTS power or uplink load - Other cell do not collect traffic
- Outage due to UE power - Outage due to DL link power
Problem indicator in network
- High noise rise while low throughput in UL - High soft handover overhead
- Blocking in some cells - Other cells do not collect traffic
- Dropped calls - Bad quality - Low bit rates for packets
Solve
Solutions - Antenna downtilt - De-Splitting => 2 cells - Remove sites - SHO parameters? - Antenna tilting - CPICH adjustment - More sites - Higher link power in DL
Check
62 NOKIA
Results??
- 10-20% higher capacity
- 10-20% higher capacity - Cells collect traffic more equally
Agenda Day 2
Radio Resource Management Pre-Launch Optimisation

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
63
NOKIA
Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family - Objectives At the end of this module you will be able to...
Name all Nokia Node Bs with their maximum configuration Explain the signal flow through a Node B Locate the Node B units in a cabinet Describe different HW configuration possibilities for a Node B
List all antenna system components
64
NOKIA

Overview
Complete Nokia WCDMA BTS Family for every need Nokia UltraSiteTM WCDMA BTS for all indoor and outdoor environments Nokia MetroSiteTM WCDMA BTS for "siteless" installations Triple-mode Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS for joint GSM and WCDMA networks
Nokia MetroSite WCDMA BTS
Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Optima
Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Optima Compact
Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Supreme
Triple-mode Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS
Indoor
Outdoor
Indoor
Outdoor
Indoor
Outdoor

UltraSite Optima Compact
Small high capacity WCDMA BTS with integrated battery back-up freedom in single cabinet configurations 6 WCDMA carriers and IBBU OR 12 WCDMA carriers 3 or even 6 sector configurations supported with single cabinet 3 sectors with IBBU OR 6 sectors Widest service area excellent RF performance output power 10/20/40 W optimized for Nokia Smart Radio Concept 2+2+2 with SRC UL/DL supported with one cabinet without IBBU Single cabinet solution for quick roof-top installations unobtrusive in roof-top installations due to low cabinet height cabinet height 1300 mm minimum floor space when battery back-up is needed footprint less than 1m2 (790 x 1200 mm) outdoor cabinet
Outdoor 1300 x 1200 x 790 mm -33C ... +50 C IP55
66
NOKIA

UltraSite Optima Compact with RF Extension
67
NOKIA
Rectifiers: 3x BATA 3.9 kW UltraSite Optima Compact with IBBU Extension

DC
Power Distribution Unit

(PDU)
Common Control Unit

(CCUA)
LTE space: 3 x HU
Batteries: 90 Ah (@ 48 V

UltraSite Optima Indoor
Widest service area

excellent RF performance
output power 10/20/40 W
cost optimized solution for network roll-out designed to fully occupy 10 MHz band
2+2+2 supported with 1 cabinet
Highest possible capacity for every bandwidth
Fits to every site
minimized site requirements due to compact size

indoor cabinet 1100 x 600 x 600 mm (H x W x D)
cabinet for indoor installations
Indoor 1100 x 600 x 600 mm -5C ... +50 C IP20
69
NOKIA

High-capacity multimedia BTS

UltraSite Supreme
supports 6 sectored solutions up to 12 WCDMA carriers per cabinet cabinet chaining for extreme configurations
chaining of 4 cabinets supported
optimal for operators with 15 MHz band or more

1 cabinet supports up to 4+4+4 with 20W configurations
Widest service area

excellent RF performance
output power 10/20/40 W 2+2+2 with SRC UL/DL supported with one cabinet
full support for Nokia Smart Radio Concept
Minimized footprint
smallest foot print per WCDMA carrier
indoor cabinet footprint 600 x 600 mm for 12 WCDMA Outdoor carriers 1940 x 770 x 790 outdoor cabinet footprint 770 x 790 mm for 12 WCDMA Indoor 1800 x 600 x 600 mm mm carriers

cabinets for indoor and outdoor installations
-5C ... +50 C IP20
-33C ... +50 C IP55
70
NOKIA

MetroSite WCDMA
"Siteless" WCDMA BTS appropriate for many different applications cost-effective road-side coverage in-fill coverage indoor services targeted coverage and capacity for hot spots multi-layer networks Revolutionary all-in-one solution smallest 2 carrier WCDMA BTS everything integrated in a single cabinet
base station, integrated transmission, integrated antenna and short-term mains failure protection
common cabinet for indoor and outdoor installations
Macro BTS RF performance in micro BTS size as good RX sensitivity as in Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS
output power 8 W
996 x 270 x 392 mm -33C ... +50 C IP55

1 4
UltraSite EDGE/WCDMA
Configurations 1+1+1, 8W 2+2+2, 4W
BTS capacity max. 10 Mbit/s per cabinet
1 3
Other features 6 GSM/EDGE TRXs and 6 7 2 1 WCDMA carriers or 12 8 1 1 2 GSM/EDGE TRXs in single 3 1 0 cabinet 9 4 4 4 12 tri- sectored solutions 2-port uplink diversity as standard Indoor Outdoor AC or DC power feed 1800 x 600 x 570 mm 1940 x 770 x 750 mm -5C ... +50 C -33C ... +50 C IP20 IP55
2
5
KEY: 1 Wideband Transceiver unit (WTR) 2 Wideband Power Amplifier unit (WMP) 3 Wideband Input Combiner unit (WIC) 4 Wideband Antenna Filter unit (WAF) 5 Wideband Suming and Multiplexing unit (WSM) 6 Wideband Application Manager unit (WAM) 7 Wideband Signal Processor unit (WSP) 8 Wideband Power Supply unit (WPS) 9 Wideband System Clock unit (WSC) 10 ATM Multiplexer unit (AXU) 11 Interface unit (IFU) 12 Wideband Fan Module (WFA) 13 Transmission unit (VXxx) 14 Bias Tee unit (BPxx)
72
NOKIA

Unit Positions in UltraSite Supreme
WEA (1pc) WAF (6pcs)
Antenna Filter External Alarm Unit
WPA (6pcs)
Power Amplifier
WTR (6pcs)
Transmitter & Receiver
WIC (3pcs)
Input WSC Combiner
WSM (3pcs)
Summing & Multiplexing
(2pcs)
System IFU (5pcs) Clock Interface Unit
WSP (18pcs) Signal WAM (6pcs)
AXU (1pc)
Processor Application Manager
WPS (3pcs)
ATM Cross-connect Unit
Power Suppy

Optima and Optima Compact Configurations
Optima Configuration 1 carrier omni 3 sector 1 carrier (1+1+1) 2+2+2 2+2+2 Number of cabinets 1 1 1 1 Output power per carrier 20W 20W 20W 10W Max. HW channel Max. HW channel capacity / HW Rel.1 capacity / HW Rel.2 384 384 384 384 768 768 768 768 WPA version 20W 20W 40W 20W
Optima Compact Configuration 1 carrier omni 1+1+1 1+1+1+1+1+1 2+2+2 4+4+4* 2+2+2+2+2+2*
Number of cabinets 1 1 1 1 1 1
Output power per carrier 20W 20W 20W 20W 20W 20W
Max. HW channel Max. HW channel capacity / HW Rel.1 capacity / HW Rel.2 384 384 384 384 384 384 768 768 768 768 768 768
WPA version
20W 20W 20W 20/40W 40W 40W
*Available in Release 2

Supreme and Triple-Mode Configurations
Supreme Configuration 1 carrier omni 1+1+1 1+1+1 1+1+1+1+1+1 2+2+2 4+4+4* 2+2+2+2+2+2* 4+4+4+4+4+4* Number of Output power Max. HW channel Max. HW channel cabinets per carrier capacity / HW Rel.1 capacity / HW Rel.2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 20W 20W 40W 20W 20W 20W 20W 20W 576 576 576 576 576 576 576 1152 1152 1152 1152 1152 1152 1152 1152 2304 WPA version 20W 20W 20/40W 20W 20/40W 40W 40W 40W
Triple- Mode Configuration 1+1+1 2 + 2 + 2*
Number of Output power Max. HW channel Max. HW channel cabinets per carrier capacity / HW Rel.1 capacity / HW Rel.2 1 8W 160 320 1 4W 160 320
*Available in Release 2
75
NOKIA

Signal Flow
Power Amplifier Linear amplification of 1 to 4 carriers Signal Processor RAKE Receiver, (De-) Spreading, Channel coding, ... ATM Cross Connect ATM Switching from/to other BS/RNC Interface Unit Termination point for transmission
Tx Rx Bi-directional CLK
RF
BB
from/to adj. WSM
from/to 2./3. WAM
WPA
Tx/Rx
WIC
WTR
AXU WSM W S P W S P W S P WAM
IFU
Iub
WAF
Rx Div to WTR of 2. carrier from WTR of 2. carrier from/to WTR of 2. carrier from/to adj. WSM
WSC
CLK from/to other cabinet(s)
Summing & Muliplexing Summing Tx-Samples from WSP. Distributing Rx-Samples from WTR to all WSP Transmitter & Receiver Modulation/Demodulation, Tx power control, Rx power measurements
CLK to WSM/ WTR
System Clock Baseband reference clocks. Synchronises with Iub Application Manager ATM termination point Contol functions for BS
Antenna Filter Filters, amplifies and devides the Rx-signal

Input Combiner 2-way combiner & 2way devider

1+1+1 (20/carrier) without SRC
WPA Tx Rx Rx WTR WSM WAF WIC W S P W S P W S P W A M AXU IFU
Iub
WPA Tx Rx Rx WTR WSM WAF WIC W S P W S P W S P
RF section will change for SRC configurations

W A M
WPA Tx Rx Rx WTR WSM WAF WIC W S P W S P W S P W A M
77
NOKIA

Uplink SRC 1 Carrier 20W
WPA
Rx Main Ant1
Tx Rx Rx WTR
Rx Div1
WAF WIC
Carrier 1
Ant2
Rx Div2
Tx Rx Rx WTR
Rx Div3
WAF
Uplink & Downlink SRC 1 Carrier, 20W/Branch

Ant1 Tx1

WPA
Rx Main
Tx Rx Rx WTR
Rx Div1
WAF
Carrier 1 WPA
Tx2
Ant2
WIC Tx Rx Rx WTR
Rx Div2
Rx Div3
WAF
Uplink & Downlink SRC 2 Carriers, 20W/Branch

WPA Txsum Tx Rx Rx Tx Rx Rx WTR
Carrier 1 Carrier 2
WAF WPA WIC
Note: Requires Release 2 Units

Txsum Tx Rx Rx Tx Rx Rx WTR Carrier 1 Carrier 2
WAF

Upgrade Path
Add LPA
2nd carrier 2+2+2 2x10 W R O 80 Erl C

Add 3 TRXs
Increased power 2+2+2 2x20 W R 100 Erl O C
Add LPA
2 sector 2+2+2 6x10 W 240 Erl
Add 3 LPAs carriers/
C E C
2 carriers/ sector 2+2+2 6x20 W C 300 Erl E

C
2 carriers/BTS 10W/carrier 40 Erl/carrier
2 carriers/BTS 20W/carrier 50 Erl/carrier
2 carriers/sect 2 carriers/sect 10W/carrier 20W/carrier 40 Erl/carrier 50 Erl/carrier

Add 3 TRXs
1st carrier 1+1+1 20 W 50 Erl

R O C
Increased power 1+1+1 R 40 W O 60 Erl C

Add 1 LPA
1 carrier/sector
1+1+1 3x20 W 150 Erl
C E C
roll-out phase 1 carrier/BTS 50 Erl/carrier

81 NOKIA
1 40W/carrier 60 Erl/carrier
Add carrier/BTS 1 LPA
1 carrier/sect 20W/carrier 50 Erl/carrier

Nokia SRC Capacity Growth Path
2nd carrier 4-way diversity for maximum cell coverage
downlink diversity for enhanced capacity

DL diversity
4-way UL div
+3 dB coverage gain - 20% capacity
+60% capacity gain
+75% capacity gain
1+1+1 20W 120Erl 6 TRXs or 3 dualTRXs 3 LPAs 40 Erl/carrier
1+1+1 2 x 20W 210Erl 3 dualTRXs 6 LPAs 70 Erl/carrier
2+2+2 2 x 20W 336Erl 6 dualTRXs 6 LPAs 56 Erl/carrier
1+1+1 20W 150Erl without SRC 50 Erl/carrier


Antenna System - Overview
The WCDMA UltraSite Antenna System contains the follwing components
83 NOKIA
Antennas WCDMA Masthead Amplifiers (MHA) Bias-T, supplies WCDMA MHA with DC power through feeder cable, provides lightning protection (can also be used w/o MHA) EMP Protector, lightning protection, only needed if no BiasT is used Diplexers, combining/dividing two bands such as WCDMA and GSM to a common feeder line Triplexers, combining/dividing three bands such as WCDMA GSM1800 and GSM900 to a common feeder line Feeder and Jumper cables, Grounding kits

Antenna System WCDMA Panels
Dimensions F-Panel F-Panel F-Panel F-Panel F-Panel F-Panel 342/155/69 mm 1302/155/69 mm 1302/155/69 mm 1942/155/69 mm 1302/155/69 mm 662/155/69 mm Weight (kg) 2.0 6.0 7.5 10.0 7.5 3.5 Frequency Range (MHz) 1710-2170 1710-2170 1710-2170 1710-2170 1710-2170 1710-2170 Gain (dBi) 12.5 18.5 17 19.5 18 15.5 Beam Width 65 65 88 65 65 65 WCDMA Broadband Antennas Antenna Type CS72761.01 XPol CS72761.02 XPol CS72761.05 Xpol CS72761.07 XPol CS72761.08 XPol CS72761.09 XPol Downtilt 2 2 0..8 0..6 0..8 0..10
WCDMA Narrowbeam Antennas Antenna Type CS727762.01 XPol F-Panel Dimensions 1302/299/69 mm Weight (kg) 12.0 Frequency Range (MHz) 1900-2170 Gain (dBi) 21 Beam Width 30 Downtilt 0..8
WCDMA Dual Broadband Antennas (WCDMA/GSM1800 or SRC) Weight Frequency Range Gain Beam Antenna Type Dimensions Downtilt (kg) (MHz) (dBi) Width CS72764.01 XXPol F-Panel 1302/299/69 mm 12.0 1710-2170 18.5/18.5 65/65 0..8/0..8 CS72764.02 XXPol F-Panel 1302/299/69 mm 12.0 1710-2170 17/17 85/85 0..8/0..8 WCDMA Omni Antennas Antenna Type CS727760 O mni
Dimensions 1570/148/112 mm
Weight (kg) 5.0
Frequency Range (MHz) 1920-2170
Gain (dBi) 11
Beam Width 360
Downtilt --

Antenna System - Mast Head Amplifier
Technical Data Sheet:
Gain, RX band Nominal gain of 12 dB +/- 0.5 dB room Ripple +/- 0.9 dB all temps 0.6 dB Insertion Loss 0 dB within 20 MHz of Response, other freqs passband MHA Input Dynamic Range 3rd-order intercept 10 dBm 1dB compression -5 dBm Noise Figure 2 dB Return Loss, ANT and BTS ports RX band 16 dB TX band 18 dB Group delay distortion 20 ns over 5 MHZ
Passive Intermodulation Products PIM level in RX band -119 dBm / 200 kHz -37 dBm / 200 kHz PIM level in TX band Rated Power at Ports ANT port in-band 5 dBm out-of-band 20 dBm BTS port avg 46 dBm in-band peak 62 dBm in-band Critical Input RX filter rejections GSM1800, 1805-1880 65 dB 71 dB UMTS TX, 2110-2170 Critical TX filter rejections 65 dB UMTS RX, 1920-1980 Alarm Setting Conditions Alarm current range 200 - 300 mA 100 msec Switch time
DC Power supplied 7.0 - 8.6V, UltraSite/MetroSite Voltage 11 - 13 V , CoSited BTS Nominal current 190 mA Max. current 350 mA Bypass Mode Insertion Loss 3 dB Return Loss 12 dB
85
NOKIA

Antenna System - Diplexers / Triplexers
Unit types Nokia Triplexer Unit Nokia GSM 900 / WCDMA Diplexer Unit Nokia GSM 1800 / WCDMA Diplexer Unit
Selectable DC pass function in each unit

Technical Data Sheet:
RF Performance Insertion Loss, Port - Common Isolation, port to port Return Loss, any port Nokia Triplexer 0.3 dB 50 dB >18 dB
Passive Intermodulation GSM RX band -116 dBm WCDMA BTS Rated Power at Ports GSM 120 W avg 1.44 kW peak UMTS 55 W avg 2.15 kW peak
GSM 900 BTS
GSM 1800 BTS


Antenna System Bias-T
Function
Provides DC power for MHA through feeder line Lightning protection
RF Performance Insertion loss 0.3 dB Return loss 18 dB Rated power 55 W avg, 2.2 kW peak Alarm Signal VSWR alarm 7 dB nominal threshold +/- 2 dB tolerance no alarm: 0 V, 50 mA max Logic alarmed : 3.3V, 0 mA Response time 0.5 sec no RF power, high VSWR (no Alarm indicates: DC power implied) DC and Signal Voltage drop 0.5 V Rated power 7.5 - 9.1V, 350 mA max DC supply via: RJ-45 from BTS Ins loss @ 1 MHz 3 dB
Features
Fault monitoring of MHA and Antenna line Fowards alarms to WAF Low insertion loss (<0.3dB) Can be installed on mast or in any WCDMA UltraSite cabinet
87
NOKIA

Antenna System - Feeders
Diameter Weight Feeder Type (inch) (kg/m) CS72251 CS72252 CS72254 1/2 7/8 1 5/8 0.35 0.55 1.45
Min. Bending Radius (mm) Single 80 120 250 Repeated 160 250 500
Attenuation @2170MHz (dB/100m) 11.9 6.52 4.05
88
NOKIA

150 mm
Upgrades to Current GSM Antennas

150 mm
Current : space diversity
Upgrade : space + polarization diversity

Space diversity improves performance 0.5..1.0 dB compared to single radome. The gain of 2.5 dB assumes single radome.
1300 mm
260 mm
Current : polarization diversity
Upgrade: 2 x polarization diversity within one radome
89
NOKIA

SRC Antenna Solutions
2 pcs X-pol antennas per sector up to 3 m apart form each other

2 pcs X-pol antennas per sector installed next to each others
One SRC antenna per sector. The number of antennas does not increase.
Agenda Day 2
Radio Resource Management Pre-Launch Optimisation Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
91
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting - Objectives At the end of this module you will be able to...
Describe what can cause interference in WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting Describe the different antenna system sharing solutions Describe the meaning of coupling loss and isolation criteria in shared antennas List the aspects having influence to the overall network quality Explain the impact of site & antenna location to the network quality
92
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Co-Siting Example: UltraSite & Citytalk
GSM 2+2+2
Site Space for 3 cabinets
GSM 2+2+2 WCDMA 2+2+2 (10 W)
Base Station Equipment:
Transmission Equipment:
Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Suppreme with 6 Carriers, Nokia Citytalk BTS with 6 TRXs. Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave Radio
Separate Antennalines and Shared Antennas: Nokia UltraSite Support:
3 pcs GSM/WCDMA Dual Band X-pol antennas 65 deg Optional: Mast Head Amplifiers for one or both networks 7.8 kW rectifier capacity with N+1 redundancy up to 180 Ah battery capacity Backup time 1 hour Footprint (Width mm x Depth mm) Indoor: 1800 mm x 620 mm Outdoor: 2310 mm x 1110mm Weight: Indoor 1030 kg, Outdoor 1290 kg
Site Environmental Data:
93
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
94
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
GSM 2+2+2
Site Space for 4 cabinets
GSM 2+2+2 W 4+4+4+4+4+4 (10 W)
Base Station Equipment:
Transmission Equipment:
2 pcs Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Supreme with 12 carriers in each, Citytalk GSM BTS with 6 TRXs. Nokia UltraHopper Microwave Radio
Separate Antennalines and Shared Antennas: UltraSite Support:

3 pcs GSM/WCDMA Dual Band X-pol 65 deg/33 deg, 3 pcs WCDMA X-pol 33 deg antennas Optional: Mast Head Amplifiers for one or both networks 14.3 kW rectifier capacity with N+1 redundancy up to 180 Ah battery capacity Backup time 1 hour Footprint (Width mm x Depth mm) Indoor: 2400 mm x 620 mm Outdoor: 3080 mm x 1110mm Weight: Indoor 1320 kg, Outdoor 1650 kg
Site Environmental Data:
95
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Interference from Other System
GSM spurious emissions and intermodulation results of GSM 1800 interfere WCDMA receiver sensitivity WCDMA spurious emissions interfere GSM receiver sensitivity
GSM transmitter blocks WCDMA receiver

WCDMA transmitter blocks GSM receiver
GSM 1800 UL
1710-1785 MHz
96 NOKIA
GSM 1800 DL
1805-1880 MHz 40 MHz
UMTS UL
1920-1980 MHz
UMTS DL
2110-2170 MHz
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Interference from Other System
Two main reasons to isolate GSM and WCDMA Blocking Sensitivity GSM1800 BTS can have up to 96 dBm / 0.1 MHz = -80 dBm / 4 MHz (relation to 3,84 Mchips) spurious emissions at the antenna connector1 Thermal noise floor of the WCDMA band is -108 dBm => in theory -108 dBm - (-80 dBm) = 28 dB isolation needed between GSM1800 and WCDMA
NEW spec: -96 dBm / 0.1 MHz -105.5
-106
Noise Power (dBm)
-106.5
-107
-107.5
-108 30
40
50
60 70 Antenna Isolation (dB)
80
90
100
1More
information: TS 25.104 and GSM 05.05

97
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Harmonic distortion
Harmonic distortion can be a problem in the case of co-siting of GSM900 and WCDMA. GSM900 DL frequencies are 935 - 960 MHz and second harmonics may fall into the WCDMA TDD band and into the lower end of the FDD band.
2nd harmonics fGSM = 950 - 960 MHz
... WCDMAWCDMA FDD TDD 1920 - 1980
2nd harmonics can be filtered out at the output of GSM900 BTS.
GSM900 935 - 960 MHz
f 1900 -1920 MHz
98
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
IM Distortion from GSM1800 DL to WCDMA UL
GSM1800 IM3 (3 means third order) products are hitting into the WCDMA FDD UL RX band if
1862.6 f2 1879.8 MHz 1805.2 f1 1839.6 MHz f1 f2 X dBc fIM3
fIM3 = 2f2 - f1
For active elements IM products levels are higher than IM products produced by passive components Typical IM3 suppression values for power amplifiers are -30 -50 dBc depending on frequency spacing and offset Typical values for passive elements are -100 -160 dBc WCDMA DL
2110 - 2170 MHz
GSM1800 UL
1710 - 1785 MHz
GSM1800 DL
WCDMA UL
1805 - 1880 MHz 40 MHz 1920 - 1980 MHz
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Spurious Emissions from GSM to WCDMA
Horizontal separation between antennas By proper antenna placement 50dB isolation reachable No deterioration in performance if GSM BTS compliant with -96dBm
GSM BTS
WCDMA BS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Nokia's diplexer/triplexer combines GSM/WCDMA to one feeder cable Diplexer/Triplexer isolation > 50dB No deterioration in performance if GSM BTS compliant with -96dBm
Multiband Antenna
Nokia Diplexer/ Triplexer
GSM BTS
WCDMA BS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Multipanel Antenna in use Antenna isolation >30dB General GSM requirements fulfilled if GSM BTS compliant with -96dBm Multiband Antenna
GSM BTS
WCDMA BS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Worst case scenario >30dB isolation assumption Multiband Antenna
GSM BTS spurious emissions comply "old spec." -30dBm

Addiotional filter needed
Non-compliant GSM BTS

WCDMA BS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Separate Antenna Lines
Typical Requirement for Minimum Coupling Loss between GSM and WCDMA antenna Nokia equipment 30 dB Other 50 dB
Without Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers With Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers
Antennas for GSM Antennas for WCDMA
Nokia MHAs for GSM
Nokia MHAs for WCDMA
GSM BTS WCDMA BTS Nokia Bias-Ts

NokiaBias-Ts WCDMA BTS
GSM BTS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Shared Antenna Lines with Separate Antennas
Typical Isolation Requirement for diplexers used with: Nokia equipment 30 dB Other 50 dB
With Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers Without Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers
GSM Antenna WCDMA Antenna GSM Antenna WCDMA Antenna
Nokia MHAs for GSM
Nokia WCDMA MHAs Nokia Outdoor Bias-Ts
Nokia GSM / WCDMA Diplexer Units
Nokia GSM/WCDMA Diplexer Units with Selectable DC pass
Separate DC feed for new Nokia MHAs
GSM BTS
105 NOKIA
Nokia Bias-Ts WCDMA BTS GSM BTS WCDMA BTS
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Shared Antenna Lines with Shared Antennas
Without Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers With Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers
GSM/WCDMA Dual Band X-polarized antenna with 2 antenna connectors (1800/WCDMA wideband element
or built in diplexer function)
GSM/WCDMA Dual Band X-polarized antenna with 4 antenna connectors (Separate Elements for both
Systems))
GSM/WCDMA Diplexer Units inside GSM BTS cabinet
Nokia Outdo or BiasTs Nokia GSM/WCDMA Diplexer Units with Selectable DC pass Separate DC feed for new Nokia MHAs
GSM BTS
WCDMA BTS
Nokia Bias-Ts GSM BTS
WCDMA BTS
106
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Antenna Isolation Measurement Example: Horizontal
Antenna A (fixed) GSM1800 horizontal separation distance Antenna B UMTS Front View
Side View direction of radiation
1000mm 2000mm 400mm 650mm
Figure 5. Sketch of measurement configuration

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Antenna Isolation Measurement Example: Horizontal
GSM1800 65 deg to UMTS 65 deg Horizontal co-polar measurements
75.00 70.00
Isolation (dB)
65.00 60.00 55.00 50.00 45.00 40.00

50dB marker
1900MHz 1950MHz 1980MHz
0. 00
1. 00
2. 00
3. 00
4. 00
5. 00
6. 00
7. 00
8. 00
9. 00
Distance (m)
1. ..
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Antenna isolation measurements II: Vertical
Antenna B UMTS
Antenna A GSM1800 (fixed)
10m
Figure 11. Sketch of measurement configuration

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Antenna isolation measurements II: Vertical
GSM1800 115 deg to UMTS 65 deg
85.00 80.00
Noise Floor Noise Floor
Isolation (dB)
75.00 70.00 65.00 60.00 55.00 50.00
1900MHz 1950MHz 1980MHz
0. 00
0. 25
0. 50
0. 75
1. 00
1. 25
Distance (m)
1. 50
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Planning Rules in Co-siting
Isolation requirement With Nokia equipment 30 dB Without Nokia equipment 50 dB
GSM- WCDMA co-siting is possible if antenna isolation requirement is fulfilled By proper antenna placement

minimum Horizontal distance (~0.3 m) minimum Vertical distance (0.25 m)
Di- or triplexer is needed in case feeder and antenna is shared between different systems Tighter filtering is needed in Antenna line of Non-compliant GSM BTS to avoid the TX power interference to WCDMA Rx Careful frequency planning in GSM won't cause interference to WCDMA
111
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment
Assessment means the evaluation existing 2G sites & antenna system and possible interference situation for 2G/3G Co-siting
Network Assessment
Network Planning & Site Acquisition
Design
Civil Works
Imp
Integrate.
112
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting Network Assessment - Network Quality

Requested Network Quality as guaranteed KPI values = Equipment Quality + Network Implementation Quality + Network Planning Quality Network Planning Quality
Network Implementation Quality
Equipment Quality
Network Quality does NOT depend only from network planning

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Dominance & little i
128 kbps
BTS TX power MS TX power Ec/Io BTS Eb/No MS Eb/No 43 dBm
170 i i i i i i i i = = = = = = = = 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8
Maximum propagation loss (dB)
21 dBm -16.5 dB 1.5 5.5
165
D C B A
A B C D
160
Other to own cell 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, interference ratio i 0.8 Orthogonality Channel profile MS speed MS/BTS NF Antenna gain 0.6 ITU Vehicular A, 3 km/h 3 km/h 8 dB / 4 dB 16 dBi
155
150
145
140
500
1000
1500
DL throughput in kbps
114
NOKIA
Doubling of the "little i" will cause throughput to decrease to 70% of the
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Question
Which one of the sites is suitable for 3G ?
115
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Answer
Low other to own cell interference can be achieved by planning clear dominance areas: The cell coverage (and overlap) must be properly controlled. The cell should cover only what it is supposed to cover

< 300 m
Low(er) antenna heights and down tilt of the antennas Use buildings and other environmental structures to isolate cells coverage Use indoor solutions to take advantage of the building penetration loss > 3 km
Avoid sites "seeing" the buildings in horizon especially over the water or otherwise open area (due to huge interference)
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Impact of tilting
Cell B - downhill gradient
Connnected to over 15 neighbours !
Cell A - uphill gradient
significantly greater catchment area
relatively limited catchment area
Too high visibility across the network Has low capacity due to huge inter-cell interference and SHO overhead NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
The obvious solution is to increase the antenna downtilt to restrict the cell footprint to a more reasonable area
117
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Network Assessment - Check List
Basic rules Problem indication if rule is not applied
Dropped calls Bad quality Low bit rates Not clear dominance area High inter-cell interference Low capacity Users at the cell edge high inter-cell interference high soft handover overhead Blocking in some cells, others do not collect traffic
Solutions
(1) Make sure there is coverage
Do not use this site
(2) Avoid unnecessary overlapping of cells
1. Use Antenna tilting 2. Put Antennas lower 3. Do not use the site 1. Use Different site 2. Use Antenna tilting
(3) Locate cells close to users
(4) Make cell sizes match user distribution
1. Use Antenna tilting 2. Do not use the Site
118
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Co-siting Optimisation Example
WCDMA 1900 Network Identified places for optimisation Urban area: high other-cell interference Rural area: a few sites collecting a lot of interference Optimisation approaches Antenna down tilting Antenna lowering
119
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Co-siting Optimisation Example - Rural Area
27 sites, 49 cells Omni, 2-sector and 3-sector sites
Varying antenna heights

Area 15 km x 15 km On average 8 km2 per site Terrain: hilly with waters
120
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Co-siting Optimisation Example - Urban Area
16 sites, 48 cells All 3-sector sites similar height
Area 10 km x 12 km
On average 7 km2 per site Terrain: flat without waters
121
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
5 Degree Downtilt Everywhere - Capacity
Down tilting everywhere improved capacity in urban area by 13%, but reduced slightly capacity in the rural area The urban area benefited from down tilting because of high overlapping of the cells before optimisation (=high i)
Optimization Effect
Before Optim After Optim
2000
Number of Users
1500 1000 500 0 Rural Urban
122
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
5 Degree Downtilt Everywhere - Coverage
Coverage probability got lower in urban area after downtilting
Optimisation 2 branch Rx diversity
Indoor coverage Outdoor coverage (+20 dB loss)

Rural Data 64 kbps before 85% after 89% 77% before 40% 22% after 37% 22% Speech 12.2 kbps 95%
Data 144 kbps

Urban Data 64 kbps Data 144 kbps
78%
before 99.8% 99.1%
68%
after 99.9% 98.6% 96.2%
15%
before 74% 46% 33%
16%
after 61% 38% 29%
Speech 12.2 kbps99.9%
Coverage % reduced after downtilting

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Optimisation Affects Neighbouring Sites
Those sites which suffered are close to the optimised sites
Also the surrounding sites should be considered in the optimisation
performance decreased optimised site
124
NOKIA
Little i After Optimisation Urban Area

Urban Area Distb'n Other to Own (i) (Initial)
16 14 12
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Urban Area Distb'n Other to Own (i) (Tilted)

16 14 12
Other to Own (i) 20 W
Other to Own (i) 20 W
# of cells
8 6 4 2 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 i
# of cells
10
10 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 i
After optimisation the little i is more uniform in all cells, i.e. the performance of the worst cells has clearly improved Average little i 1.3 0.78
125
NOKIA
Number of Users After Optimisation Urban Area

Urban Area Distribution of Mobiles (Initial)
16 14 12
# of cells # of cells
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
users per cell
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
Urban Area Distribution of Mobiles (Tilted)
10 8 6 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 MSs
Worst cells clearly improved
users per cell
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
MSs
After optimisation the number of users per cell is more uniform in all cells, i.e. the performance of the worst cells has clearly improved
Average number of users 36 41 (i.e. capacity increase ~13%)
126
NOKIA
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
Soft Handover Overhead After Optimisation
Soft Hand-Off Overhead and Probability (Original)
45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%
SHOProb. Soft(+er)HOverhead SHOverhead AreaProb%
Soft Hand-Off Overhead and Probability (Optim)

Rural Urban
45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%
SHOProb. Soft(+er)HOverhead SHOverhead AreaProb%
Rural Urban
Soft handover overhead is reduced after optimisation in urban area since the cell overlapping (=little i) is reduced Soft handover probability reduced 30% 26%
Soft handover overhead reduced 39% 33%
127
NOKIA
Agenda Day 2
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
RAN Sharing
Multilayer Planning
128
NOKIA
RAN Sharing - Objectives At the end of this module you will be able to...
Explain the meaning of RAN sharing and its key benefits Explain what network elements are possible to be shared in RAN Describe the most important network planning issues to be taken into account in RAN sharing
129
NOKIA
RAN Sharing
Overview
Network sharing, i.e. one network operator provides the entire network for certain area's with the other acting as a MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator). No impact on the radio network dimensioning Geographical network sharing, i.e. one operator south, one north No impact on the radio network dimensioning Site sharing, i.e. sharing new or existing sites including antennas, site support systems and potentially transmission No impact on the radio network dimensioning
RAN sharing (Multioperator RAN), i.e. sharing the entire RAN in a specific area where the amount of traffic is predicted to be low, so that it does not make economically sense to build independent networks
130
NOKIA
RAN Sharing
From Site Sharing to RAN Sharing
Scope of sharing:

Sharing of RNCs and BTSs:

Initial coverage with low service demand Low-traffic areas Places with limited BTS sites, e.g. subways Fewer sites with larger configurations when Environmental impact counts
RNC Site environment BTS Equipment space (cabinet) SiteSupportSystem Transmission Antenna and feeders (optional)
Cost savings in
Civil works Equipment (feeders, antennas, BBU) Annual rents Site acquisition( hunting, permissions etc) Operational costs Transmission (and transmission
management)
Up to 4 operators with own:

Core networks Services Network Management System Dedicated RAN from any vendor in non-shared areas
RAN Sharing
Concept
Operator 1
CS CN
MNC 1 Operator 1
PS CN
Shared RNC
F requency 1
MNC 1
S hared BT S
Operator 2
CS CN
F requency 2
MNC 2 MNC 2 OSS of one operator or Multi-RAN OSS
Operator 2
PS CN
3) dedicated BTS for each operator
1) cabinet, BB, WAF, WPA shared dedicated WTR Reqired: Frequencies within 20MHz band!
2) cabinet and BB shared dedicated WAF,WPA, WTR
RAN Sharing
Concept
1. Sharing whole BTS including WPA:
ANT1/1 ANT2/1
D P X
WPA WAF 28/50 W
WTR TX RX RX TX RX RX
Operator specific WTR
Common Antennasystem WAF and WPA
NOTE: Frequencies need to be within 20 MHz band WPA 28/50 W
2. Cabinet and BB shared:

ANT1/1
D P X
WTR TX RX RX WTR TX RX RX
WAF ANT2/1
D P X
WPA 28/50 W
Operator specific WTR, WPA and WAF
Common Antennasystem (feeders, antennas, MHAs)

- no frequency restriction - higher outputpower per carrier - with Rel.2 units up to 4+4+4/20W per carrier
RAN Sharing
How Operators can work with shared RAN ?
Each Operator has own PLMN -id Carrier Frequency RRM parameters & traffic Monitoring Neighbour cell lists (own Inter-System HO decisions)
Operators may add independently BTS where they want to provide better coverage or more capacity
Due to own Frequencies and PLMN-id. Operator specific cell is possible Mobile Stations (MS) can show appropriate operator logo Global roaming easy No extra support features from MSs needed, works with 3GPP R99 WCDMA MSs Needs SW-update to Nokia WCDMA RAN
134
NOKIA
Agenda Day 2
WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting
RAN Sharing
Multilayer Planning
135
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning - Objectives At the end of this module you will be able to...
Explain the meaning of WCDMA/GSM interworking Explain the reasons for multilayer usage and how it is done Describe the 3G network evolution from cell layer point of view Explain when compressed mode is needed and what drawback it has Explain on what criteria cell-reselection and handover strategies are based on
136
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Interworking in RAN 1.5
Interworking means Handover functionality between GSM and WCDMA or between WCDMA carriers Handover from GSM to WCDMA or from WCDMA to GSM is intersystem hard handover Handover between WCDMA carriers is inter-frequency hard handover (intra-BTS, intra-RNC, inter-RNC handover) Interworking is possible also in idle mode when making cell re-selection
Handover reasons are mainly based on coverage in WCDMA and load in GSM Compressed mode is used in WCDMA for inter-frequency or inter-system neighbour measurements before handover decision Service downgrade/upgrade might be needed during inter-system handover
137
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Handover Types in RAN 1.5
Operator 1
3G HLR/AUC
Operator 2 E-interface
MSC/VLR 3G
3G MSC 3G HLR/AUC
MGW A-interface
2G MSC/VLR
Iu (cs)-interface
GSM BSS GSM BSS
MGW
Intersystem, Intra-MSC, Intra-PLMN Intrasystem, Intra-MSC, Intra-PLMN

UMTS RAN UMTS RAN
Intrasystem, Inter-MSC, Inter-PLMN
UMTS RAN
MSC/VLR 2G
Intrasystem, Inter-MSC, UMTS RAN Intra-PLMN
Intersystem, Inter-MSC, Inter-PLMN

GSM BSS
2G HLR/AUC
138
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Introduction
Multilayer Network means the use of microcellular network to give more capacity needed in traffic hot spots Macro layer is mainly used for coverage and fast moving mobiles
Micro layer is used to provide capacity for traffic hot spots

Typically different frequencies are used for different layers Other layers frequency can be reused in some
NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
139
Multilayer Planning
Packet data throughput, calculated with CDMA capacity formulas Assumptions Micro cell:
Macro cell Downlink orthogonality Other-to-own cell interference ratio i Uplink Eb/N0 Uplink loading Downlink Eb/N0 Downlink loading 0.6 0.65 1.5 dB 60% 5.5 dB 80% Micro cell 0.95 0.2 1.5 dB 60% 8.0 dB 80%
Capacity in Macro vs. Micro Environments

higher orthogonality
Micro: higher isolation between cells
Results
Macro cell Uplink Downlink 1040 kbps 660 kbps Micro cell 1430 kbps 1440 kbps
These figures without transmit diversity
Downlink capacity is more sensitive to the environment because of orthogonal codes (other cell interference affects more downlink)
140
Micro cells provide a higher capacity due to less multipath

NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN
Multilayer Planning
Multilayer Antennas
The general rule is that microcellular antenna placement provides better (very high) capacity but lower coverage The key question is : When this should be done?
The capacity is high because the cells are well isolated and the DL is quite orthogonal The coverage is low because the very same buildings that isolate the cells from each other also isolate the mobiles from the Node B in larger cells The factors affecting the decision include at least Traffic density Max required bitrate in the UL direction Inter-cell interference with different antenna positions Propagation loss with different antenna positions Site acquisition costs Etc.
141
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Solution 1
Most simple usage of two carriers. In an area which is covered by a continuous cell layer and the capacity requirement exceeds the available capacity the most simple solution is to add a second carrier to the cells, colocated with the first carrier. WCDMA f1, fWCDMA f1, fWCDMA f1 , f2 2 2 This process can be continued further to additional carriers. Compressed mode raises the interference. The traffic between the carriers could be balanced by directed RRC connection setup in the call setup phase and by inter-frequency handovers.
Multilayer Planning
Solution 2
Micro cell layer in the middle of surrounding macro cells using the same carrier as the macro cells. This way of mixing different cell types is fully applicable but it requires that clear dominance areas for micro and macro layers. WCDMA f1 WCDMA f1 This is a microcell solutions for covering holes In long run going to smaller cell sizes cannot be W f1 W f1W f1 avoided in hot-spot areas, and a micro cellular solution has the benefit that inter-cell interference is minimised, leading to increasing cell throughput and user bit-rates.
143
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Solution 3
Different frequencies are used for different layers (Hierachical Cell Structure HCS) From the network planning point of view this solution is easier to deploy than the previous since overlapping is possible. The macro layer can collect traffic from micro layer's dominance area whereas in solution 2 macro cells and micro cells collect traffic within their own dominance areas. This is the microcell solutions for capacity reasons
WCDMA f1 W f2
WCDMA f1
W f2 W f2 W f2
144
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Solution 4
In addition to solution 3 the GSM/GPRS macrolayer is added to HCS Dual mode UEs can change to GSM/GPRS where no WCDMA coverage exists, this enables to provide seamless 3G services without seamless WCDMA coverage Allows traffic balancing between GSM/GRPS and WCDMA Compressed mode raises the interference. BSIC decoding is time consuming
GSM/GPRS WCDMA f1
GSM/GPRS WCDMA f1
W f2 W f2 W f2 W f2
This is the solution if WCDMA/GSM interworking is required
145
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
RAN1.5 Handover functionality
GSM/GPRS WCDMA Load reason IS-HO from GSM(BSS10.5) GSM/GPRS WCDMA GSM/GPRS WCDMA GSM/GPRS
Coverage reason IS-HO W W W W

Coverage reason IF-HO
GSM handover
WCDMA soft handover

Based on RSSI measurements of all cells in neighbour list Controlled by HO algorithms in BSC Based on pilot Ec/No measurements of all cells in neighbour lists on the same frequency Mobile Evaluated handover (MEHO) controlled by SHO parameters
WCDMA IF & IS handover
Based on measurement results in serving cell

Coverage (CPICH RSCP or CPICH Ec/No) UL DCH quality,UL DCH Power, DL DPCH power
Network evaluated handover (NEHO) controlled by IF and IS HO parameters

146
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
WCDMA Compressed Mode
Compressed mode is the method to create idle periods (=gap) in the transmission in order to perform Inter-Frequency or Inter-System measurements during the gap
Measurement gap
Normal frame Compressed mode Normal frame
Because same data amount is sent during shorter time it has the following affect to the cell Reduced UL coverage Reduces DL capacity Reduced Quality
Multilayer Planning
Cell Re-selection between layers
Cell selection & re-selection can be done

without HCS operation with HCS operation
Normally cell re-selection is done to cell having better coverage, but with HCS operation the cell re-selection is also possible to the weaker cell or to the GSM (in case they have higher priority) Both quality and level should be good enough in the neighbour cell before cell re-selection
Neighbour cells with different priorities could be prioritised by using offset during penalty time
Cells having same priorities (or HCS not used) are ranked and cell reselection is done to the best cell
Traffic balancing with directed RRC connection setup is possible in WCDMA
148
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Usage of Hierarchical Cells
Use HCS parameters => mobile camps to micro cell whenever it is available HCS parameters not supported in dedicated mode
Hot spot area Macro
f1
f2 f2 f2 f2
f1
Micros
f1
Fast moving MSsfeature can also be used to push UE to Macro Layer to avoid frequent cell re-selection
f2
Start call in micro cell because of HCS priorities
f1
f1
Coverage reason handover from micro to macro
Multilayer Planning
Fast Moving Mobiles in Micro Cells
Fast moving mobiles can be handed over from micro frequency to macro frequency High mobility is detected based on the frequency of active set updates
WCDMA macro f1
X
Micro f2 Micro f2 Micro f2 Micro f2 Fast moving mobile Too frequent active set updates within micro frequency initiate inter-frequency handover to macro frequency
150
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Cell Re-selection Rules
During cell re-selection it is possible to camp on GSM or WCDMA depening how parameters are set in serving and neighbouring cell
Camping on GSM is recommended: Continious GSM coverage 3G ->2G handover amount is reduced or it is not at all supported Camping on WCDMA is recommended: Continious 3G coverage, utilize fully 3G network For dual mode Mobiles 2G ->3G handover is not supported Initial Nokia implementation strategy is to push all dual mode MS to WCDMA
151
NOKIA
Multilayer Planning
Inter-System Handover Rules
5 Handover Triggering reasons is possible from WCDMA
CPICH Ec/No, CPICH RSCP, UL quality & Power, DL Power
GSM neighbours are measured only in Compressed mode, not all the time UE needs more power for neighbour measurements during compressed mode -> measurements should start early enough BSIC decoding time need to be taken into account; the ISHO procedure could take more time in case many GSM neighbours are measured as neighbours Handover from GSM to WCDMA is done only if GSM load is high enough
152
NOKIA

NSN 3G Radio Planning Day2 v1 3

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

NSN 3G Radio Planning Day2 v1 3

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

3G Radio Network Planning Fundamentals

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Maximum user data rate 384 kbps (512kbps DL in RAN2)

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

LC Load Control PS Packet Scheduler

Radio Resource Management

Handover Control (HC) controls the active state mobility of UE in RAN.

Radio Resource Management

Load Control (LC) continuously information of cells controlled by RNC

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Fast Closed Loop PC

Quality loop: Maintains the specified error rate

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Different path attenuations are compensated by using power control.

Radio Resource Management

during soft handover: comes after soft handover frame selection

if FER increase then (SIR)set "up" else (SIR)set "down"

(SIR)set adjustment command frame reliability info

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Power Control & Diversity

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Neighbour Set Neighbor Set

Neighbour Set Neighbor Set

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Ptx _ total Ptx _ BTS max

PtxT arget [dBm]+PtxO ffset [dB]

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

PrxTotal / PtxTotal PrxNrt / PtxNrt PrxNc / PtxNc

controllable power non-controllable power time

Radio Resource Management

Short inactive periods during packet call

time P acket scheduler handles

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

user data chanellizationscrambling code code

Radio Resource Management

call set up handover

Cell search procedure in UE & in frame synchronization

Most Important step !

Radio Resource Management

63 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Area with 12 Node B(1+1+1) sites

Cluster of cells having 2 code groups