CNW A+ 28th Nov 2012 CNW Batch

CompTIA A+ Certification
A+
Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2011 All rights reserved
Identification of PC Components
The Block Diagram of a Computer
The input is given by the user using input devices.

Input is stored in memory and then brought to the CPU for processing. The result is brought back to the memory for storage and given to the output.
The Parts of a Computer
Input devices Output devices
System unit
Mass Storage Device
Output Devices
System unit Mass Storage Device
Input Devices
A Typical Personal Computer The following figure shows a typical personal computer:
System unit
Output device
Output device
Output device
Input devices
Input Devices An input device for a computer is anything that sends information to the CPU to perform a specific function. A computer has the ability to use many different types of input devices to provide a unique experience to each user.
Output Devices Output devices deliver data that has been processed by the computer to the user. There are a variety of devices that produce data in different forms including audio, visual and hard copy.
The System Unit A system unit is a personal computer component that houses other devices necessary for the computer to function.
Power Supply
Disk drives
Cooling device Microprocessor (under cooling device)
Ports
Adapter Card
Memory chips
Chassis
The System Unit Components The system unit itself has several important sub-components, such as:
Motherboard Processor (CPU) Memory Storage devices Power Supply BIOS & CMOS
Storage Devices A storage device is a system unit component, such as a hard drive, that enables users to save data for reuse at a later time, even after the personal computer is shut down and restarted.
Motherboards
The Motherboard In personal computers, a motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) that holds many of the crucial components of the system, providing connectors for other AGP slot Ports peripherals.
Expansion slots
CPU
RAM slots
Drive interfaces
The Motherboard (Continued) The main circuit board of a computer. A motherboard usually includes the CPU, chipset, I/O ports, BIOS ROM chips, memory, expansion slots, and the peripheral controllers. Motherboard is also known as Main board or System Board.
Non-Integrated Motherboard (older) Peripheral controllers were not on motherboard. Addition boards (called add-on-cards) were installed in expansion slots as per requirement. For example Video card, FDD controller card, HDD controller card, Serial and parallel port card, Sound card etc. Integrated Motherboard (Latest) Have most of the Peripheral controller card integrated on the mother-board itself. Electronics of these logic is integrated on motherboard and Connectors are visible on the Rear panel of PC.
Chipset A chipset is a motherboard component that includes the CPU and other chips that support basic functions of the computer. The two main chips in the chipset are:
Northbridge Southbridge
Chipset
Northbridge The portion of a computer chipset that connects between the CPU and the major interfaces on the computer including memory, AGP port and PCI bus. It is also connected to the south bridge.
Southbridge The part of the computer chipset that connects slower speed interfaces such as parallel, serial, USB and PS/2 ports to the north bridge and then the CPU. The south bridge controls the slower I/O components like the Serial ports, USB ports and the IDE.
Motherboard Form Factors
The form factor of the motherboard describes its general shape, what sorts of cases and power supplies it can use, and its physical organization. It also specifies what type of case and power supply will be supported, the placement of mounting holes, and the physical layout and organization of the board.
For example, a company can make two motherboards that have basically the same functionality but that use a different form factor, and the only real differences will be the physical layout of the board, the position of the components, etc. In fact, many companies do exactly this, they have for example a baby AT version and an ATX version.
Motherboard Form Factors (Continued) Common Motherboards are: PC - XT AT Baby AT ATX Micro ATX LPX NLX
Personal Computer Extended Technology (PC-XT) Introduced by IBM, 8088 microprocessor was used. It has socket for the processor and chips.
AT and Baby AT
To overcome the problem created by AT Form factor, the Baby AT form factor was introduced.
Baby AT is designed to hold the peripheral devices like keyboard, video and mouse. It could not accommodate the combination of processor, heat sink and cooling fan.
ATX Here expansion slots were placed on separate riser cards. It provides software controlled shut down and power up. Micro ATX More space for I/O connectors was provided at the rear end.
LPX and Mini-LPX It has sound and video to be integrated on to the motherboard. It is not suitable for upgrading and offers poor cooling. NLX Small in size. Suited for low profile desktop cases.
Choosing, Installing and Troubleshooting a Motherboard
Motherboard is the most important component of the computer. This is the central component to which every other component is attached.
Choosing a Motherboard
Choosing an appropriate motherboard can be quite a challenging task. A lot of factors affect the choice of the motherboard. Future upgradeability of the system is the most important one. It should support a higher hard drive capacity, a higher Memory slot on the motherboard, whether it has an AGP slot.
Motherboard Selection Tips
Consider the following before you choose a motherboard for a computer: RAM CPU Ports Expansion slots Drive interfaces Form factor Clock speed
Micro Processor Support
Each Mother board is designed to support a range of microprocessor. But it does not mean that all mother boards are capable to support all processors. One main consideration in p support is the CPU socket and we can make almost sure guess of p support by seeing the socket on motherboard and up. For Exact details on p support User Manual of particular motherboard may be referred. There are variety of CPU sockets are available on different mother board.
Installing a Motherboard
Installing a motherboard should be done with a lot of care. Connect the motherboard to the mounting holes and tighten the screws.
Set the jumpers and switches to the appropriate positions.

Once the motherboard is secure, then start connecting the different wires to their appropriate sockets.
Troubleshooting a Motherboard
Troubleshooting the motherboard is the trickiest part for a technician. This requires a lot of time, patience and documentation. Since the troubleshooting has to be done at the chip-level, troubleshooting a motherboard can cost more time and money than buying a new one.
Processors
Microprocessors
A single chip CPU is called as Microprocessor. The CPU is made of two units namely the Arithmetic and Logic Unit and the Control Unit. It performs functions like executing the instructions given by the user program, controlling the I/O operations and the functions of peripheral devices.
Block diagram of Microprocessor

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is used for performing Arithmetic and logic operations. The Arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Register Unit
The Register unit is used to store data.
Control Unit
The control unit controls operations like generating the control signals for reading, and writing data to memory or I/O devices.
Instruction Sets
An instruction set is the collection of commands that is used by a CPU to perform calculations and other computing operations. The following are the three categories of instruction sets used by manufacturers: CISC RISC EPIC VLIW
Types of Instruction Set
Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) This processors are provided with large number of complex instructions. Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) It has less number of transistors and is cheaper. Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) It has combined features of both CISC and RISC. Very Large Instruction Word (VLIW) The VLIW type processors will be able to receive many instructions per word.
Features of Pentium Processor
Pentium processor supports Superscalar architecture. Supports Functional Redundancy Check.
Supports effective power management feature.

Supports multiprocessor
Generations of Processor
SOCKET NAME SOCKET 1: SOCKET 2: SOCKET 3: SOCKET 4:
TYPE
/ CPU 486 SX & DX 486 SX, DX, & DX2
PINS 169 238
VOLTAGE 5v. 5v. 3v. & 5v. 5v.
486 SX, DX, DX2, DX4, 586, 237 Pentium Overdrive Pentium 60 & 66 273
Generations of Processor (Continued)
PC
CPU
Year
Transistors
5th Generation
Pentium, Cyrix 6X86, AMD K5, IDT WinChip C6

Pentium Pro, AMD K6, Pentium II, AMD K6-2
1993-95 1996 1996 1997

1995 1997 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
3,100,000 --3,500,000
5,500,000 8,800,000 7,500,000 9,300,000 22,000,000 37,000,000 42,000,000
6th Generation
7th Generation
AMD Original Athlon, AMD Athlon Thunderbird Pentium 4
The table shows the size of cache memory supported by different processors.
CPU Celeron
Cache size in the CPU 32 KB L1 + 128 KB L2
Pentium Cumine AMD K6-3
III 32 KB L1 + 256 KB L2 64 KB L1 + 256 KB L2
AMD K7 Athlon 128 KB L1 AMD Duron 128 KB L1 + 64 KB L2
Some of the specifications, the significance and example of processor.
Characteristic Significance s of CPU
Example
Internal clock Speed of data 800 MHz frequency processing inside the CPU. External clock Speed of data transfer 133 MHz frequency to and from the CPU via the system bus (or Front Side Bus).
Internal data The number of bits the 32 bits width CPU can process simultaneously.
The figure below shows the different generations of computers and the processors:
Pentium MMX
It has on chip multimedia architecture.
Supports enhanced Pipeline feature.
Intel Pentium PRO

Super pipelining Architecture Integrated L1 Cache Optimized performance for 32 bit code
Pentium II Processor
It integrated MMX feature in it. Runs at different speeds of 233 MHz, 266 MHz, 300 MHz, 333 MHz. Supports 512 KB of L2 cache Supports 32 KB of L1 cache Supports 32 bit and 64 bit pipelined floating point unit
Pentium Xeon Processor
It is a combination of the Pentium Pro and the Pentium II technology. It supported 512 KB or 1 MB of Level II cache memory The Level 2 cache ran at the same frequency as the core frequency of the processor. Support multi processor configuration.
Celeron Processor
Intel 266 MHz processor
Celeron processor operating at 366 MHz with 128 KB L2 cache. Coppermine Celeron processor operating at 950 MHz with 128 KB L2 cache.
Pentium III Processor
Supports different applications like 3-D, imaging, streaming video, speech recognition and audio applications. support clock speed up to 800 MHz. suited to Multimedia applications called MMX. The instruction set of Pentium supports Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD).
Pentium IV Processor
Supports Netburst architecture. Characteristics of Netburst architecture
Hyper pipelined Technology Rapid Execution Engine Execution Trace cache 400 MHz System bus
256 KB L2 cache
AMD Processors
AMD64 family consist of
AMD Opteron processor AMD Athlon 64 processor AMD Turion 64 mobile technology AMD Opteron Enables simultaneous 32- and 64-bit computing. AMD64 Dual-Core Technology directly connects two processor cores to a single die.
AMD Athlon
Enhanced Virus Protection when supported by the OS. Run 32-bit applications at full speed Enable 64-bit software applications
AMD Turion
It is used for simultaneous 32 and 64-bit Windows compatible processors. AMD PowerNow technology, longer the battery life. Deliver AMD64 performance in thinner and lighter notebook.
Processor Technologies VRM
A CPU is a collection of transistors. These transistors work at a specific voltage level. If excessive voltage is supplied to the transistor it will burn off Hence the motherboard manufacturers had to take special care of the CPU voltages.
Hyper Threading
A processor architecture where simultaneous multi-threading is done is called hyper-threading It is a method of making a single chip operates like two separate devices.
Processor Technologies (Continued) Throttling
CPU throttling is a feature which protects the CPU from overheating and thus increases the life-cycle of a CPU. It is a dynamic way of controlling the processor speed as a function of the temperature.
Choosing, Installing and Troubleshooting a processor
CPU is the main component next to the motherboard. It yields the system, the ability to process information. It runs at a speed in GHz. i.e. 1 by 1000000000th of a second. A single hitch can make it non-functional. It seldom fails.
Choosing a CPU
The CPU that is chosen must be appropriate for the CPU slot on the Motherboard. Motherboards can have a ZIF socket or SECC slot. Choose the right CPU (either slot or socket) The motherboard has a chipset which controls the functioning of the system. The CPUs work on a specific voltage supplied to them. It gets this voltage from the motherboard.
Installing a CPU
While installing the CPU, never touch the pins of the CPU. As general CPU is much easier than a Socket CPU. A slot type CPU is simply inserted into the CPU slot when it comes to the Socket CPU, you have to align the notch on the CPU with the notch on the ZIF socket. Latest CPU technology uses a 4-pin Auxiliary connector to supply power to the connector.
Troubleshooting a CPU
Troubleshooting a processor is a task which is usually is done by the manufacturer. The identification of the problem can be only done by one method. The overheating might be due to various reasons like a bent pin, overvoltage. As troubleshooting can be done only at the chip-level, replacing the CPU is the only solution.
Memory
Memory In computing, memory refers to the state information of a computing system, as it is kept active in some physical structure. Memory is the personal computer component that comprises the electronic storage areas in the computer. It can be considered either volatile or non-volatile.
Memory Form Factors and Slot Types Memory modules come in several form factors, such as: SIMM DIMM RIMM
Memory Types There are several types of RAM, such as: SRAM DRAM DRDRAM SDRAM DDR SDRAM DDR2 SDRAM DDR3 SDRAM
DDR1 RAM Module
Available in 128 MB, 256 MB and 512 MB each Module
DDR2 RAM Module
Available in 400 / 533 / 667 MHz Versions

Difference between DDR1 and DDR2 RAM
Difference between DDR1 and DDR2 RAM
Memory Module
Memory Selection Tips Consider the following before purchasing RAM for a computer: Size Speed System board configuration
Virtual Memory Virtual memory is the ability of the computer system to use a portion of the hard disk as if it were physical RAM.
Physical memory 4 GB Virtual memory addresses Virtual Memory Manager
Pagefile.sys
Expansion Bus Slots & System Bus
Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA) Bus Slots
The expansion slots are used to enhance the features of the PC. ISA bus is a 16 bit slot present in 80286, 80386, 80486 and Pentium systems. The ISA card is configured through jumpers or switches.
Expansion Bus Slots
The Expansion slots are used to hold add on cards or interface cards.
Personal Computer (PC) Bus Slots

The PC bus is an 8 bit bus used to connect expansion boards.
Standard Expansion Buses Slots Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)Bus PCI-X Bus
Extended ISA (EISA) Bus

Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) Bus Video Electronics Standard Association (VESA) Bus
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Bus It supports plug and play and it is self-configuring. Operates at a speed of 33 MHz or 66 MHz
It is a 64 bit bus
Communicates with processor using a bridge circuit.
PCI-X Bus Operates at 133 MHz bus speed Offers 64 bit Band width
Supports 1 GB/Sec data transfer rate

Supports efficient bus operation Provides backward Compatibility
Extended Industry Standard Architecture Bus EISA bus has a feature called bus mastering which enables the components to communicate with each other without the interference of the CPU.
Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) Bus

MCA bus supported additional features like 32 bit data transfer, automatic configuration of expansion cards. Video Electronics Standard Association (VESA) Bus It is designed to hold the video cards of days prior to Accelerate Graphics Port (AGP)
EISA Bus
MCA Bus
72 Pin SIMM Socket
VESA Bus
VESA Slot
System Bus System bus refers to the bus which connects the CPU with the system memory.
Data Bus Data bus is bidirectional and the data is transferred to and from the CPU.
Address Bus The address bus is necessary to provide the address of the location where the data can be stored or retrieved.
Control Bus The control bus is used to coordinate the data between the CPU and the peripherals devices or memory.
The System Bus The system bus is the main communication path between the CPU and memory.
CPU
System Bus
Hard Drive Controller
Video Controller
Memory
Storage Devices
Storage Devices A storage device is a system unit component, such as a hard drive, that enables users to save data for reuse at a later time, even after the personal computer is shut down and restarted.
Storage Devices (Continued) The various types of storage devices used in personal computers are:
Floppy Disk Drives (FDD) Hard Disk Drives (HDD) Optical Drives
Floppy Disk
The floppy disk is a removable disk that stores the data in a magnetic media.
A four pin Berg connector is used to provide power supply to the floppy disk drive.
Hard Disk
It is a magnetic storage device. It is used to store large amount of data in a PC.
The Power connector used for hard disk drive is a 4 pin called the Molex connector.
The hard disk is connected to a 40 Pin Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) Controller.
Hard Disk Drive Types The various types of hard disk drives are:
Parallel ATA (also known as IDE, EIDE, and ATA) SCSI Serial ATA
Parallel ATA hard drive
Optical Disks An optical disk is a personal computer storage device that stores data optically, rather than magnetically.
A CD-R disc An external DVD drive
An internal CD-ROM drive
Optical Drive Types Optical drives include CD and DVD drives. CD
Hold 650 MB to 1 GB Minimum 150 KB/sec data transfer rate, multipliers up to 64X CDFS or UDF file system
DVD
Hold 4.7 GB on one side, up to 9.4 GB if both surfaces are used 600 KB/sec to 1.3 MB/sec data transfer rate UDF file system
Power Supply
Power Supply A power supply is an internal computer component that converts AC power from an electrical outlet to the DC power needed by system components.
Fan
Power switch Voltage switch Socket for power cord
External view
Wires from the power supply to the system board and drives
Internal view
Power Supply Form Factors Like system boards and other components, there are several form factors available for power supplies, such as:
Power Supply Form Factor
Description
Used in AT form factor cases and with AT or Baby AT system boards. Dimensions are 213 x 150 x 150 mm. Found in older desktops and towers. Used in ATX and NLX cases and with ATX and NLX system boards. Dimensions are 150 x 140 x 86 mm. Found in desktops and towers. Some computer manufacturers use system board form factors that do not conform to standards such as ATX, NLX, and BTX. It's likely that these proprietary system boards will require nonstandard power supply form factors as well, although it is possible that an ATX power supply might be able to be used.
AT
ATX
Proprietary
Ports & Connectors of PC
Personal Computer Connection A personal computer connection is a means by which a personal computer component is attached to other components to provide computing capabilities.
USB Connector
Cable
Ports A port is a hardware connection interface on a personal computer that enables devices to be connected to the computer.
6-pin round connector
25-pin D-shaped connector
15-pin D-shaped connector
Enable devices to be connected to a personal computer.
Peripheral Connectors
9 pin D type Serial port is uses for connecting any serial device.
25 Pin D type female port is used for connecting Printers. 15 Pin D type Female Connector is used for connecting devices like Joystick.
VGA Port This connector is used to attach a computer display Monitor to a computer's video card. The connector has 15 holes in three rows. Commonly called a 15 pin D type female connector (in three rows)
15 Pin D Female connector

Serial Port A serial port is used to connect external modem or an older computer mouse to the computer. It comes in two versions a 9pin version (on the left) or a 25-pin model. The 9-pin is found on most newer computers. Data travels over a serial port at 115 kilobits per second. Serial port is sometimes also known as communication port or COM port.
25-pin serial port on a serial device
25-pin end of serial cable connects to modem and 9-pin end connects to computers serial port
Parallel Port A parallel port is used to connect external devices such as scanners and printers. The 25-pin port is sometimes it is called a printer port. It's also known as Centronics port. Usually there is one parallel port at rear panel, but if you need you can have more than one parallel ports in your PC Please note that printers and scanners are also available with interfaces other than Parallel Port.
25 Pin D Female connector
PS/2 Port A PS/2 port, was developed by IBM. It is used to connect a computer mouse or keyboard. Most computers come with two PS/2 ports. Sometimes it is not necessary to use a PS/2 port, as some keyboards and Mouse can be used with a USB or other ports also.
6 Pin Mini DIN connectors
PS/2 Port and Connectors
On rear panel of PC
On Device
Audio Connectors
These connectors are used to connect Microphone, Speaker, Headphone on Line devices to the system. Commonly there are 3 Stereo phone Jacks at the rear panel of PC marked as LINE IN, MIC IN, LINE OUT.
Sound card may be a add on card but in newer computers the electronics is integrated on motherboard.
Network Port For faster Internet connections and for networking, an Ethernet or network port (RJ 45 connector) is used. This looks like an oversized North American telephone jack (RJ 11 connector).
RJ 45 Connector
Power Connector This three-pronged plug looks like a recessed power plug. It connects to the computer's power cable that plugs into a power bar or wall socket.
IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections A FireWire connection is a personal computer connection that provides a high-speed interface for peripheral devices that are designed to use the IEEE 1394 standard.
FireWire device
FireWire port
FireWire 6-pin connector
Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Connections A SCSI connection is a personal computer connection that connects internal and external components to the system unit and provides for high-speed data transfer.
SCSI connector
SCSI cable
Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections A PATA connection is a personal computer connection that provides a parallel data channel from a disk controller to the disk drives.
PATA connector
Serial ATA (SATA) Connections A SATA connection is a personal computer connection that provides a serial data channel between the drive controller and the disk drives.
SATA power cables
SATA data cable
System Board Power Supply Connectors The power supply connection to the system board is a keyed or unkeyed connection.
Notch for keyed connector
A single keyed connector
P8
P9 A pair of connectors
Connector Types The following are some of the connector types used by display devices:
VGA
DVI
HDMi
Component/RGB
S-Video
Composite video
Storage Device Power Connectors Every internal storage devices uses one of several types of power connectors to get electrical power from the computers power supply.
Berg connector Molex connector SATA Power Connector
Molex connector
Berg connector
Serial ATA
BIOS and CMOS
BIOS Types System BIOS types include: American Megatrends Award BIOS Phoenix BIOS IBM SurePath BIOS Microid Research BootControl Pro MicroFirmware SystemSoft Unicore
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Memory Setting
You can configure the following settings from the keyboard by using the CMOS Setup program: System date and time Password Boot sequence Memory Display Parallel ports Serial/COM ports Power management
The System BIOS A Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) is a set of instructions that is stored in Read Only Memory and that is used to start the most basic services of a computer system.
ROM BIOS chip
CMOS RAM Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor RAM (CMOS RAM) is special memory that has its own battery to help it keep track of its data even when the power is turned off.
CMOS RAM chip
The Power-On Self Test (POST) POST is a built-in diagnostic program that is run every time a personal computer starts up. The following hardware components are checked during POST: Power supply CPU BIOS CMOS RAM Memory I/O bus or I/O controller
CMOS Settings
CMOS BIOS ROM

Stores the basic system configuration. The four major components of BIOS are:
POST Bootstrap Loader
CMOS Setup
BIOS ROM
CMOS Settings (Continued)
CMOS Battery
Battery is used to power up the Real time Clock Chip. This chip maintains the system date and time.
System Configuration
The BIOS should find an operating system on a hard disk or floppy disk drive to start the computer.
Starting the Setup Program

The settings made in the BIOS setup program are stored in the nonvolatile RAM of the CMOS chip.
Step-by-Step CMOS/BIOS Configuration From the CMOS setup menu, select the menu point to examine or change setting and choose Standard CMOS setup to begin.
Step-by-Step CMOS/BIOS Configuration (Continued) From the standard CMOS configuration screen you can set Date, Time, Hard drives connected to the IDE interface, Floppy disk drive types for drives.
Advanced CMOS Configuration Here, you can perform the Number Lock setting, keyboard repeats speed, type of video, settings for cache memory, and other special features.
Recommended Advanced CMOS Settings Depending on the BIOS version, you have to press the ESC key, to return to the main menu.
Power Management Configuration After a user defined period of inactivity of devices like the monitor, the hard drive, or the CPU will go into different low power modes.
Standby mode Suspend mode
Built-In Ports/Peripherals Setup It can enable or disable ports which built in new systems.
Security/Passwords Two types of passwords are:
One must be entered to allow any use of the system.
Another one must be entered to allow access to the BIOS/ CMOS setup.
Clearing the BIOS Password It can be cleared by using a CMOS jumper that is present in the motherboard.
USB
What is USB?
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a specification to establish communication between devices and a host controller (usually a personal computer), which has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces such as serial and parallel ports.
Just about every peripheral now comes in a USB version.

Keyboard Mouse Printers Scanners Joysticks Digital cameras / Webcams Modems Speakers Storage devices such as Flash Network Interface Cards
Hot Swapping Hot swapping is a type of hardware replacement procedure where a component can be replaced while the main power is still on.
Main power remains on
Device is recognized automatically
Advantages of USB It is faster than the Standard serial port and Parallel Port. (approx. 12 Mbps to 480Mbps). USB has REAL Plug-n-play feature available, you can Hot-Swap the devices once you have installed the device driver for a particular device.
Some times if you have a device that have an interface other than USB , the USB Adapters are available to connect those devices to USB interface too.
USB to Serial Port Adapter
USB to Parallel Port Adapter
USB to PS/2 Adapter
USB to Ethernet Adapter
USB HUB
USB Pen Drive
USB Memory Card Reader
RAID Arrays
RAID Arrays After completing this module, you will be able to:
Describe what RAID is and the needs it addresses
Describe the concepts upon which RAID is built

Compare and contrast common RAID levels Recommend the use of the common RAID levels based on performance and availability considerations
RAID - Redundant Array of Independent Disks
RAID Controller
Host RAID Array
RAID Components
Physical Array
RAID Controller
Logical Array Logical Array
Host RAID Array
RAID Levels 0 Striped array with no fault tolerance 1 Disk mirroring
3 Parallel access array with dedicated parity disk

4 Striped array with independent disks and a dedicated parity disk 5 Striped array with independent disks and distributed parity 6 Striped array with independent disks and dual distributed parity
Combinations of levels (I.e., 1 + 0, 0 + 1, etc.)
Data Organization: Strips and Stripes
Stripe 1 Stripe 2 Stripe 3
Strips
RAID 0 Striped Array with no Fault Tolerance
Block 0 4 3 2 1
RAID Block 0 4 3 2 1 Controller
Host
RAID 1 Disk Mirroring
Block 0 1
RAID Block 0 1 Controller
Host
RAID 0+1 Striping and Mirroring
Block 0 3 2 1
RAID Block 0 3 2 1 Controller
Host
Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2010. All rights reserved
RAID 1+0 Mirroring and Striping
Block 0 3 2 1
RAID Block 0 3 2 1 Controller
Host
RAID 0+1 vs. RAID 1+0 Benefits are identical under normal operations
Rebuild operations are very different RAID 1+0 uses a mirrored pair only 1 disk is rebuilt if a disk fails
RAID 0+1 if a single drive fails, the entire stripe is faulted RAID is 0+1 is a poorer solution and is less common
RAID Redundancy: Parity
0 4 8 1 5 9
RAID Controller
2 6 10
Host
3 7 11
0123 4567
8 9 10 11
Parity Disk
Parity Calculation 5 + 3 + 4 + 2 = 14 5 Data
3 The middle drive fails: 5 + 3 + ? + 2 = 14 ? = 14 5 3 2 ?=4
Data
Data
Data
14
Parity
RAID Array
RAID 3 Parallel Transfer with Dedicated Parity Disk
Block 0 3 2 1
RAID0 Block Controller Block 1 Parity Generated Block 2

Block 3 P0123
Host
RAID 4 Striping with Dedicated Parity Disk
Block 0 Block 4 Block 1 Block 5 Parity RAID Block 0 Generated Controller P0123 Block 3
Block 2
Block 6
Block 0
Host
Block 7 P0123 P4567
RAID 5 Independent Disks with Distributed Parity
Block 0 Block 4 Block 1 Block 5 Parity RAID Block 0 4 Generated Controller P4 05 16 27 3 Block 3
Block 2
Block 6
Block 0 4
Host
P4567 P0123 Block 7
RAID 6 Dual Parity RAID Two disk failures in a RAID set leads to data unavailability and data loss in single-parity schemes, such as RAID-3, 4, and 5. Increasing number of drives in an array and increasing drive capacity leads to a higher probability of two disks failing in a RAID set.
RAID 6 Dual Parity RAID (Continued) RAID-6 protects against two disk failures by maintaining two parities Horizontal parity which is the same as RAID-5 parity Diagonal parity is calculated by taking diagonal sets of data blocks from the RAID set members Even-Odd, and Reed-Solomon are two commonly used algorithms for calculating parity in RAID-6
RAID Implementations Hardware (usually a specialized disk controller card) Controls all drives attached to it
Performs all RAID-related functions, including volume management

Array(s) appear to the host operating system as a regular disk drive Dedicated cache to improve performance Generally provides some type of administrative software
RAID Implementations (Continued) Software Generally runs as part of the operating system
Volume management performed by the server

Provides more flexibility for hardware, which can reduce the cost Performance is dependent on CPU load Has limited functionality
Hot Spares
RAID Controller
Hot Swap
RAID Controller
RAID Controller
Summary Key points covered in this module: What RAID is and the needs it addresses
The concepts upon which RAID is built

Some commonly implemented RAID levels
Check Your Knowledge

What is a RAID array? What benefits do RAID arrays provide? What methods can be used to provide higher data availability in a RAID array? What is the primary difference between RAID 3 and RAID 5? What is a hot spare?

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CompTIA A+ Certification

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The input is given by the user using input devices.

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System unit Mass Storage Device

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Cooling device Microprocessor (under cooling device)

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Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2011 All rights reserved

Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2011 All rights reserved

Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2011 All rights reserved

Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2011 All rights reserved

Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2011 All rights reserved

Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2011 All rights reserved

Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2011 All rights reserved

Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2011 All rights reserved

Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2011 All rights reserved

Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2011 All rights reserved

Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2011 All rights reserved

Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2011 All rights reserved

Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2011 All rights reserved

Copyright UTL Technologies Ltd 2011 All rights reserved

Set the jumpers and switches to the appropriate positions.

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Block diagram of Microprocessor

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Supports effective power management feature.

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SOCKET NAME SOCKET 1: SOCKET 2: SOCKET 3: SOCKET 4:

/ CPU 486 SX & DX 486 SX, DX, & DX2

PINS 169 238

VOLTAGE 5v. 5v. 3v. & 5v. 5v.

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Pentium, Cyrix 6X86, AMD K5, IDT WinChip C6

1993-95 1996 1996 1997

AMD Original Athlon, AMD Athlon Thunderbird Pentium 4

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Cache size in the CPU 32 KB L1 + 128 KB L2

Pentium Cumine AMD K6-3

III 32 KB L1 + 256 KB L2 64 KB L1 + 256 KB L2

AMD K7 Athlon 128 KB L1 AMD Duron 128 KB L1 + 64 KB L2

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Characteristic Significance s of CPU

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Intel Pentium PRO

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