Management and leadership across diverse cultures

Outlines of Presentation
Different theories of Leadership

Critical evaluation Critical evaluation

Different theories of motivation

Leadership and Motivation across different cultures Cultural diversity Motivation and Leadership for culturally diversified

organization: case of Burger King

Leadership
A leader is a person who has the ability to get other people to do what they dont desire to do and even prefer it
- Harry Truman

It is the process of influencing others through the personality of leader and setting up the vision for the followers for the achievement of goals.

Inception of leadership theories Theory x Theory y

Theory z
It considers that people are not task oriented. Fear of punishment and coercion can only motivate them.

This theory was situation oriented. It considers that in right situation employees can work hard.

It considers that team building and shared responsibility motivates people. They need to participate in managerial decisions.

Various leadership theories

Trait Approach Behavioral Approach
Leadership Functions Leadership Styles

Contingency (Situational) Approaches

Hersey and Blanchard

Fiedler Model
Path-Goal

Continued
Great Man Theories
Participative Theories

Management Theories
Relationship Theories

Leadership styles
Authoritarian Leadership

Paternalistic Leadership

Paternalistic Leadership

LeaderSubordinate Interactions
Authoritarian Leader

subordinate

Continued..
This style supports Top down approach One - way flow of communication No such involvement of subordinates in decision-making. Leader directs and controls all the operations.

LeaderSubordinate Interactions
Paternalistic Leader

subordinate

Continued..
This is basically Chinese style of

leadership. It is comprised of three types of leadership that are- Autocratic, Benevolent and Moral. It is interactive kind of leadership. Fluent exchange of information.

LeaderSubordinate Interactions
Participative leader

subordinate

subordinate

Continued..
This style involves participation of

subordinates in decision making. They welcome openly the new ideas and concepts proposed by the subordinates. Continuous interaction. Frequent flow of information.

Critical Evaluation of Leadership Theories

Each theory has its own importance and no particular theory can be applied in all pertaining situations. Theory X is task oriented whereas theory Y and Z describes the importance of working conditions and participative approach. Autocratic leadership advocates for limited participation of employees whereas the participative style favors collaborative decision making. Trait theory claims that leadership qualities can be cultivated which is contradictory to great man theory.

Motivation
Motivation is the inner desire and stimuli that

compels the individual to achieve its goals. This gives them energy to get continually involved and interested in their job. In a layman words Motivation is ones willingness to do something.

Motivation Process

Un-met need

Drive towards goal to satisfy need

Realization of goal (need satisfaction)

Theories of Motivation
Several theories have been developed which portrays the various motivational factors and their influence on human behavior. These theories are Frederick Winslow Taylor Elton Mayo Abraham Maslow Frederick Herzberg

Taylors theory
Frederick Winslow Taylor demonstrated this

theory (1856-1917). It states that monetary rewards can motivate workers. Workers do not take interest in their work so they need to be closely supervised. Productivity of a worker can reach a next level via production based payment system.

Mayos theory
Elton Mayo demonstrated this theory (1880-

1949) He stated that monetary gains are not only just the motivation factors. Workers requires recognition for their work. Social needs and participation and communication with top level motivates workers.

Maslows need hierarchy theory

He proposed the need hierarchy and stated that

individual gets motivated by the achievement of successive needs which he described in his model.
Selfactualization

Esteem Social Safety Physiological

Herzberg Hygiene factor theory

This theory was proposed by Frederick

Herzberg (1923). He suggested some factors and termed them as motivators which compels the workers for hard work. Some hygiene factors are also suggested such as safe and healthy working environment, premises with all the facilities etc.

Critical evaluation of motivation theories

All the theories have their own importance and

ideas. Taylors theory lays stress on monetary gains whereas Maslows theory proposed a need hierarchy as a compelling force of motivation. Mayo and Herzberg theories favors safe and healthy workplace environment.

Leadership and motivation styles across cultures

Culture is defined as the particular behavior, belief or characteristics of any specific social group. Individual inherit some qualities, particular gestures and mentality, all arises from the culture he belongs to. Thus for managing such diversity various leadership and motivation style need to be adopted.

Cultural diversity
After globalization and industrialization multicultural work

force has increased tremendously. Specifically in hospitality industry culturally diversified workforce and its potential customer base can be seen. To nurture the needs of diverse customers management should adopt various leadership style and motivational techniques according to availing circumstances. In such situation, the training should be imparted to employees regarding various cultures.

Case of Burger King

Burger king was founded by James Mclamore and David

Edgerton in Miami, Florida in 1954. As burger king is operating in sixty-five countries and U.S. territories. It is serving 11 million customers everyday. Major challenges which Burger King came across were:
The Conflict Management, Performance Management, Change management and Resistance, Discrimination Issues, Communication flow

Leadership in Burger King

Earlier Burger King was following the authority

compliance style of leadership . It had deficiencies at its management level which reduced the trust of its followers in expertise of leader. The franchisees also complained about owners for being so irresponsive. The fluctuating leadership forced the fast food chain to introduce the change in task-oriented style of leadership. Effectively introduced the style of leadership that is Participative leadership.

Continued..
It started collaborating with its franchisees and

relying on collaborative decision making. Situational leadership was also followed. As various employees and guests come from diverse culture, so everyone has to be treated differently; in turn leaders have to act according to the situations .

Motivation at Burger King

Various techniques were adopted to manage and motivate

diverse workforce Provided equal opportunities to everyone. Fair treatment Performance appraisal Same laws for all candid and fluent exchange of ideas is encouraged cross-departmental interactions Team building having members of different cultures

Thank you