Chapter 4 The Movement of Substances into and out of cells

All cells are delimited by a plasma membrane. The size of cells is limited by the surface area of plasma membrane available for transport of materials into and out of the cell.

Cells regulate internal environment (homeostasis) - regulate exchange of materials with external environment - chemical concentration - pH - electrical potential (voltage)

Plasma Membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model composed of phospholipids, proteins, steroids - selectively (differentially) permeable boundary between the cell and the external environment

Substances Vary in Their Rates of Penetration

Cells Maintain Gradients

Transmembrane gradient Concentration of a solute is higher on one side of a membrane than the other.

Ion electrochemical gradient Both an electrical gradient and chemical gradient.

The Functions Of Membranes

1. Membranes define boundaries and serve as permeability barrier

2. Membranes are sites of organization and localization

The Functions Of Membranes

3. Membranes regulate the transport of solutes Passive Transport
a. Simple diffusion: H2O, O2, CO2, and ethanol
high low

b. Facilitated diffusion with the aid of transport proteins high low

The Functions Of Membranes

3. Membranes regulate the transport of solutes Active Transport
a. Pump proteins for maintaining ion gradient across the membrane: low-> high. (requires energy input) b. Endocytosis and exocytosis

The Functions Of Membranes

4. Membranes detect and transmit electrical and chemical signals signal transduction: detect signals from outside of the cell and transmit them into the cell interior. 5. Membranes mediate cell-to-cell communication intracellular communication provided by gap junctions (animal cells) and plasmodesmata (plant cells).

Diffusion
the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration - results from kinetic energy of random motion of the molecules

Passive Transport
Passive transport does not require an input of energy Substances move down or along concentration gradient Two types: Simple passive diffusion - Diffusion of a solute through a membrane without transport protein high low Facilitated diffusion - Diffusion of a solute through a membrane with the aid of a transport protein high low

Passive Transport

Osmosis
Water diffusion across a selectively permeable plasma membrane from an area with lower solute concentration (higher water concentration) to an area with higher solute concentration (lower water concentration). If the solutes cannot move, water movement can make the cell shrink or swell as water leaves or enters the cell. Osmotic pressure the pressure that would need to be applied to stop the movement of water down a concentration gradient

Osmosis
Where is the concentration of water higher or where is the concentration of solute lower?

Water will move from an are of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to an area of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration). - Net movement of water
Campbell & Reece 2005

Water Potential
-the stored energy of water that results from its position (relates to pressure) - water will move from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential

Osmosis
Where is the concentration of water higher?

Water will move from an are of higher water concentration (higher water potential) to an area of lower water concentration (lower water potential).

Campbell & Reece 2005

Solutions
Isotonic - Equal water and solute concentrations on either side of the membrane. Hypertonic - Solute concentration is higher (and water concentration lower) on one side of the membrane. Hypotonic - Solute concentration is lower (and water concentration higher) on one side of the membrane.

Outside the cell Isotonic

Inside the cell

The solution and cell are isotonic

Hypertonic

The solution is hypertonic to the cell

Hypotonic

The solution is hypotonic to the cell

Where is the concentration of solute lower?

or
Where is the concentration of water higher?

Elodea cell

Salt molecule

Where will the water move?

Elodea cell

Salt molecule

Hypotonic
a solution in which the solute concentration is less than that in the cell
- net movement of water into the cell
Cell is turgid water enters central vacuole until the vacuole is fully extended, pushing cytoplasm up against cell wall

In cells with no cell wall (animal cells) cell ruptures (lysis)

COASTAL FRESHWATER POND

Elodea sp.

Where is the concentration of solute lower?

or
Where is the concentration of water higher?

Elodea cell

Salt molecule

Where is the concentration of water higher?

Elodea cell

Salt molecule

Hypertonic
a solution in which the solute concentration is higher than that in the cell
- net movement of water out of the cell
Cell is plasmolyzed water leaves the cell and the protoplast shrinks away from the cell wall

Wilted leaf

Cell dies if plasma membrane completely detaches from the cell wall

Animal Cells

Outside the cell Isotonic

Inside the cell

The solution and cell are isotonic

Hypertonic

The solution is hypertonic to the cell

Hypotonic

The solution is hypotonic to the cell

Plasma Membrane

Transport Proteins
- transport polar molecules and ions across plasma membrane - highly selective (solute-specific) Classes of Transport Proteins: 1. pump driven by energy from ATP or light 2. carrier driven by energy from 3. channel electrochemical gradients

Transport Proteins
- driven by energy from electrochemical gradients
2. carrier - bind solute, undergo conformational (shape) change, carry solute across membrane - 500-10,000 molecules/sec
high

3. channel - form water-filled pores, extend across membrane, - open to allow dissolved solutes (ions) to cross membrane - 10,000+++ molecules/sec

low

Channels
Form an open passageway for the direct diffusion of ions or molecules across the membrane and down their gradient.

 Also known as transporters

Carriers

Conformational change transports solute

Principal pathway for the uptake of organic molecules, such as sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides

Passage of Solutes

channel, some carrier carrier

Transport Proteins
- driven by energy from ATP or light

1. pump - Plants and fungi proton pumps (H+-ATPase) - <500 molecules/sec

high

low

Active Transport
Movement of a solute across a membrane against its gradient from a region of low concentration to higher concentration. Energetically unfavorable and requires the input of energy (ATP).

Pump

Couples conformational (shape) changes to an energy source, such as ATP

Primary and Secondary Active Transport

Pump

Carrier - Cotransport, symport

Vesicle-Mediated Transport
- Transport larger molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides, and even very large particles. Exocytosis - Material inside the cell, which is packaged into vesicles, is secreted into the extracellular medium.
i.e., polysaccharides (hemicellulose, pectin)

Endomembrane System

Vesicle-Mediated Transport
Transport larger molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides, and even very large particles. Endocytosis - Plasma membrane folds inward, to form a vesicle that brings substances into the cell. Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis

- cell eating - Ingestion of large, solid particles (bacteria, cellular debris) in vesicles derived from plasma membrane - amoeba, cellular slime molds

Phagocytosis

- plants - root hair cells of legumes ingest Rhizobium (nitrogen-fixing bacterium)

- cell drinking - cells take in liquids in vesicles derived from plasma membrane - Occurs in all eukaryotic cells

Pinocytosis

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
coated pits - specialized depression in plasma membrane coated on the cytoplasmic surface with clathrin - protein receptors on outer surface of plasma membrane bind molecule to be transported into cell - coated vesicle forms -clathrin coat is shed - vesicle fuses with endomembrane, releases contents

Cell-to-Cell Communication
Signal synthesized in one cell and transported to another (chemical messengers)

Signal Transduction cell converts external signal to a response

Cell-to-Cell Communication
-Cytoplasmic connection between cells

Plasmodesmata plant cells

Gap-Junction animal cells