Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
TYPES OF VALIDITY
Concurrent Consequential Construct Content Criterion-related Convergent & discriminant Cross-cultural Cultural validity Descriptive Catalytic Ecological Evaluative External Face Internal Interpretive Jury Predictive Systemic Theoretical
MATURATION TESTING
INSTRUMENTATION
EXPERIMENTAL MORTALITY
OPERATIONALIZATION
CONTAMINATION REACTIVITY
Reliability as stability: Consistency over time and samples; Reliability as equivalence: Equivalent forms of same instrument; Inter-rater reliability; Reliability as internal consistency: Split half reliability (e.g. for test items)
TRIANGULATION
Methodologies Instruments Researchers Time Location Theories Samples Participants Data
2r 1 r
r = the actual correlation between the two halves of the instrument (e.g. 0.85); Reliability =
2 ( 0.85 ) 1 0.85
1.70 185
= 0.919
Address:
Stability of observations Parallel forms Inter-rater reliability Respondent validation
IMPROVING RELIABILITY
Minimise external sources of variation; Standardise conditions under which measurement occurs; Improve researcher consistency; Broaden the sample of measurement questions by: a) adding similar questions to the instrument; b) increasing the number of researchers (triangulation); c) increasing the number of occasions in an observational study. Exclude extreme responses (outliers).