DSI 05 Database

Organizing Data and Information
Principles of Information Systems Eighth Edition
Learning Objectives
Define general data management concepts and terms, highlighting the advantages of the database approach to data management Describe the relational database model and outline its basic features Identify the common functions performed by all database management systems and identify popular user database management systems Identify and briefly discuss current database applications
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition
Why Learn About Database Systems?

Database systems process and organize large amounts of data Examples:
Marketing manager can access customer data Corporate lawyer can access past cases and opinions
Introduction
Database: an organized collection of data Database management system (DBMS): group of programs to manage database
Manipulates database Provides an interface between database and the user of the database and other application programs
Database administrator (DBA): skilled IS professional who directs all activities related to an organizations database
Data Management
Without data and the ability to process it, an organization could not successfully complete most business activities Data consists of raw facts To transform data into useful information, it must first be organized in a meaningful way
The Hierarchy of Data

Bit (a binary digit): represents a circuit that is either on or off Byte: typically made up of eight bits Character: a byte represents a character; the basic building block of information
Can be an uppercase letter, lowercase letter, numeric digit, or special symbol
Field: typically a name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business object or activity
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 6
The Hierarchy of Data (continued)

Record: collection of related data fields File: collection of related records Database: collection of integrated and related files Hierarchy of data
Bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases
The Hierarchy of Data (continued)
Figure 5.1: The Hierarchy of Data

Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys

Entity: generalized class of people, places, or things (objects) for which data is collected, stored, and maintained Attribute: characteristic of an entity Data item: specific value of an attribute Key: field or set of fields in a record that is used to identify the record Primary key: field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record
Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys (continued)
Figure 5.2: Keys and Attributes

The Database Approach

Traditional approach to data management: separate data files are created and stored for each application program Database approach to data management: a pool of related data is shared by multiple application programs
Offers significant advantages over the traditional filebased approach
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The Database Approach (continued)
Figure 5.3: The Database Approach to Data Management

Table 5.1: Advantages of the Database Approach

Table 5.1: Advantages of the Database Approach (continued)

Table 5.2: Disadvantages of the Database Approach

Data Modeling and the Relational Database Model

When building a database, an organization must consider:
Content: What data should be collected and at what cost? Access: What data should be provided to which users and when? Logical structure: How should data be arranged so that it makes sense to a given user? Physical organization: Where should data be physically located?
Data Modeling
Building a database requires two types of designs
Logical design: abstract model of how the data should be structured and arranged to meet an organizations information needs Physical design: starts from the logical database design and fine-tunes it for performance and cost considerations
17
Data Modeling (continued)

Data model: diagram of data entities and their relationships Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams: data models that use basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationships between data
18
Data Modeling (continued)
Figure 5.4: An Entity-Relationship (ER) Diagram for a Customer Order Database

The Relational Database Model

Relational model: describes data in which all data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations, that are the logical equivalent of files
Each row of a table represents a data entity Columns of the table represent attributes Domain: allowable values for data attributes
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The Relational Database Model (continued)
Figure 5.5: A Relational Database Model


Selecting: eliminates rows according to certain criteria Projecting: eliminates columns in a table Joining: combines two or more tables Linking: manipulating two or more tables that share at least one common data attribute to provide useful information and reports
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Figure 5.6: A Simplified ER Diagram Showing the Relationship Between the Manager, Department, and Project Tables
Figure 5.7: Linking Data Tables to Answer an Inquiry


Data cleanup: process of looking for and fixing inconsistencies to ensure that data is accurate and complete
Eliminate redundancies and anomalies
25
Table 5.3: Fitness Center Dues
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Table 5.4: Fitness Center Members
Table 5.5: Dues Paid

Database Management Systems (DBMSs)

Creating and implementing the right database system ensures that the database will support both business activities and goals DBMS: a group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs or a database and the user
28
Overview of Database Types

Flat file
Simple database program whose records have no relationship to one another
Single user
Only one person can use the database at a time Examples: Access, FileMaker, and InfoPath
Multiple user
Allows dozens or hundreds of people to access the same database system at the same time Examples: Oracle, Sybase, and IBM
Providing a User View

Schema: description of the entire database
Typically used by large database systems to define tables and other database features associated with a person or user
A DBMS can reference a schema to find where to access the requested data in relation to another piece of data
30
Creating and Modifying the Database

Data definition language (DDL): collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and relationships in a specific database
Allows the databases creator to describe the data and relationships that are to be contained in the schema
Data dictionary: detailed description of all the data used in the database
31
Creating and Modifying the Database (continued)
Figure 5.10: Using a Data Definition Language to Define a Schema

Creating and Modifying the Database (continued)
Figure 5.11: A Typical Data Dictionary Entry

Storing and Retrieving Data

When an application program requests data from the DBMS, the application program follows a logical access path When the DBMS goes to a storage device to retrieve the requested data, it follows a path to the physical location (physical access path) where the data is stored Concurrency control?
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Storing and Retrieving Data (continued)
Figure 5.12: Logical and Physical Access Paths

Manipulating Data and Generating Reports

Data manipulation language (DML): commands that manipulate the data in a database Structured Query Language (SQL)
Adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as the standard query language for relational databases
Once a database has been set up and loaded with data, it can produce reports, documents, and other outputs
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Manipulating Data and Generating Reports (continued)
Table 5.6: Examples of SQL Commands

Database Administration
Role of the database administrator (DBA): plan, design, create, operate, secure, monitor, and maintain databases DBA works with both users and programmers A data administrator is responsible for defining and implementing consistent principles for a variety of data issues, including setting data standards and data definitions; a nontechnical position
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Popular Database Management Systems

Popular DBMSs for end users include Microsofts Access and FileMaker Pro Complete database management software market includes:
Software for professional programmers Databases for midrange, mainframe, and supercomputers
Examples of open-source database systems: PostgreSQL and MySQL Many traditional database programs are now available on open-source operating systems
Special-Purpose Database Systems

Some specialized database packages are used for specific purposes or in specific industries
Israeli Holocaust Database (www.yadvashem.org) Hazmat database Art and Antique Organizer Deluxe
Special-purpose database by Tableau can be used to store and process visual images
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Selecting a Database Management System

Important characteristics of databases to consider
Database size Database cost Concurrent users Performance Integration Vendor
41
Using Databases with Other Software

DBMSs can act as front-end or back-end applications
Front-end applications interact directly with people or users Back-end applications interact with other programs or applications
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Database Applications
Todays database applications manipulate the content of a database to produce useful information Common manipulations are searching, filtering, synthesizing, and assimilating the data contained in a database using a number of database applications
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Linking Databases to the Internet

Linking databases to the Internet is important for many organizations and people Semantic Web
Developing a seamless integration of traditional databases with the Internet Allows people to access and manipulate a number of traditional databases at the same time through the Internet
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Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining

Data warehouse: database that collects business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects of the companys processes, products, and customers Data mart: subset of a data warehouse Data mining: information-analysis tool that involves the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse
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Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining (continued)
Figure 5.17: Elements of a Data Warehouse

Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining (continued)
Table 5.8: Common Data-Mining Applications

Distributed Databases
Distributed database
Database in which the data may be spread across several smaller databases connected via telecommunications devices Gives corporations more flexibility in how databases are organized and used
Replicated database
Database that holds a duplicate set of frequently used data
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Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Database Management Systems

Object-oriented database: database that stores both data and its processing instructions
Method: procedure or action Message: request to execute or run a method
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Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Database Management Systems (continued)

Object-oriented database management system (OODBMS): group of programs that manipulate an object-oriented database and provide a user interface and connections to other application programs Object-relational database management system (ORDBMS): DBMS capable of manipulating audio, video, and graphical data
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Visual, Audio, and Other Database Systems

Databases for storing images Databases for storing sound Virtual database systems: allow different databases to work together as a unified database system Other special-purpose database systems
Spatial data technology: stores and accesses data according to the locations it describes and permits spatial queries and analysis
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Summary
Database: a collection of integrated and related files Hierarchy of data: bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases Key: a field or set of fields in a record that is used to identify the record Database approach to data management: a pool of related data is shared by multiple application programs Data model: diagram of entities and relationships
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Summary (continued)
Relational model: describes data in which all elements are placed in two-dimensional tables called relations Database management system (DBMS): group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs or a database and the user Role of the database administrator (DBA): plan, design, create, operate, secure, monitor, and maintain databases
Summary (continued)
Data warehouse: database that collects business information from all aspects of a companys processes, products, and customers Data mining: information-analysis tool for the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse Object-oriented database: database that stores both data and its processing instructions
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Organizing Data and Information

Principles of Information Systems Eighth Edition

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

Why Learn About Database Systems?

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

The Hierarchy of Data

The Hierarchy of Data (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

The Hierarchy of Data (continued)

Figure 5.1: The Hierarchy of Data

Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys

Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys (continued)

Figure 5.2: Keys and Attributes

The Database Approach

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

The Database Approach (continued)

Figure 5.3: The Database Approach to Data Management

The Database Approach (continued)

Table 5.1: Advantages of the Database Approach

The Database Approach (continued)

Table 5.1: Advantages of the Database Approach (continued)

The Database Approach (continued)

Table 5.2: Disadvantages of the Database Approach

Data Modeling and the Relational Database Model

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

Data Modeling (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

Data Modeling (continued)

Figure 5.4: An Entity-Relationship (ER) Diagram for a Customer Order Database

The Relational Database Model

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

The Relational Database Model (continued)

Figure 5.5: A Relational Database Model

The Relational Database Model (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

The Relational Database Model (continued)

The Relational Database Model (continued)

Figure 5.7: Linking Data Tables to Answer an Inquiry

The Relational Database Model (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

The Relational Database Model (continued)

Table 5.3: Fitness Center Dues

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

The Relational Database Model (continued)

Table 5.4: Fitness Center Members

Table 5.5: Dues Paid

Database Management Systems (DBMSs)

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

Overview of Database Types

Providing a User View

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

Creating and Modifying the Database

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

Creating and Modifying the Database (continued)

Figure 5.10: Using a Data Definition Language to Define a Schema

Creating and Modifying the Database (continued)

Figure 5.11: A Typical Data Dictionary Entry

Storing and Retrieving Data

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

Storing and Retrieving Data (continued)

Figure 5.12: Logical and Physical Access Paths