Antenna Configurations

Single-Input-Single-Output (SISO) antenna system

User data stream channel User data stream

Theoretically, the 1Gbps barrier can be achieved using this configuration if you are allowed to use much power and as much BW as you so please! Extensive research has been done on SISO under power and BW constraints. A combination a smart modulation, coding and multiplexing techniques have yielded good results but far from the 1Gbps barrier

MIMO Antenna Configuration

Use multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas for a single user
1
1

User data stream

2 . . . . . MT

channel

. . .

User data stream

. . MR

Now this system promises enormous data rates!

MIMO System Model

s1
User data stream . .

h11 h12 . . Channel Matrix H

y1
y2
. . User data stream

s2

.
. sM

yM

s Transmitted vector

y Received vector

y = Hs + n
MT h11 h21 h12 h22 . . .. hM1 .. hM2 .. . hij is a Complex Gaussian random variable that models fading gain between the ith transmit and jth receive antenna

Where H =

MR

h1M h2M .. hMM

Diversity
Each pair of transmit-receive antennas provides a signal path from transmitter to receiver. By sending the SAME information through different paths, multiple independently-faded replicas of the data symbol can be obtained at the receiver end. Hence, more reliable reception is achieved

Spatial multiplexing
An Mt number of transmitters and Mr number of receivers represented by (MT,MR) MIMO channel opens up m = min (MT,MR) independent SISO channels between the transmitter and the receiver So, intuitively, I can send a maximum of m different information symbols over the channel at any given time

Thus it increases the Channel capacity

A Graph between Capacity and SNR for different number of transmitter and receivers

OFDM
Why called as orthogonal ?? How does it actually help to increase capacity ?? OFDMA

OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the popular orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation scheme. Multiple access is achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual users as shown in the illustration below. This allows simultaneous low data rate transmission from several users.

ADV and DISADV of OFDM

Claimed advantages over CDMA OFDM can combat multipath interference with more robustness and less complexity. OFDMA can achieve a higher MIMO spectral efficiency due to providing flatter frequency channels than a CDMA rake receiver can.[1] No cell size breathing as more users connect.

Claimed advantages over OFDM with time-domain statistical multiplexing Allows simultaneous low-data-rate transmission from several users. Pulsed carrier can be avoided. Lower maximum transmission power for low data rate users. Shorter delay, and constant delay. Contention-based multiple access (collision avoidance) is simplified. Further improves OFDM robustness to fading and interference.

Claimed OFDMA Advantages Flexibility of deployment across various frequency bands with little needed modification to the air interface.[1] Averaging interferences from neighboring cells, by using different basic carrier permutations between users in different cells. Interferences within the cell are averaged by using allocation with cyclic permutations. Enables Single Frequency Network coverage, where coverage problem exists and gives excellent coverage. Offers Frequency diversity by spreading the carriers all over the used spectrum. Allows per channel or per subchannel power.

Recognized disadvantages of OFDMA

Higher sensitivity to frequency offsets and phase noise. Asynchronous data communication services such as web access are characterized by short communication bursts at high data rate. Few users in a base station cell are transferring data simultaneously at low constant data rate. The complex OFDM electronics, including the FFT algorithm and forward error correction, are constantly active independent of the data rate, which is inefficient from power consumption point of view, while OFDM combined with data packet scheduling may allow FFT algorithm to hibernate during certain time intervals. The OFDM diversity gain, and resistance to frequency-selective fading, may partly be lost if very few sub-carriers are assigned to each user, and if the same carrier is used in every OFDM symbol. Adaptive sub-carrier assignment based on fast feedback information about the channel, or sub-carrier frequency hopping, is therefore desirable. Dealing with co-channel interference from nearby cells is more complex in OFDM than in CDMA. It would require dynamic channel allocation with advanced coordination among adjacent base stations. The fast channel feedback information and adaptive sub-carrier assignment is more complex than CDMA fast power control.

Other improvements
Smart Antennas Smart or Intelligent antennas is also a multi-antenna concept which allows the radio beam to follow the user. This is done through beam forming which temporarily improve gain. They are also used to provide transmit and/or receive diversity. Adhoc Networks Adhoc networks refer to spontaneous self organisation of network of devices, not necessarily connected to internet. 4G will create hybrid wireless networks using adhoc networks. Intelligent routing to determine shortest path with least powers are used, i.e, data packets are sent through paths with minimal power requirements.

 Adaptive Modulation And Coding (AMC) Adaptive modulation and coding mechanism reacts to instantaneous variations in channel conditions and accordingly modify the modulation & coding formats. Based on feedback from the receiver, response of the channel is estimated and depending upon the channel conditions, AMC allows different data rates to be assigned to different users. Channel statistics aid the transmitter and receiver to optimize system parameters such as modulation, coding, bandwidth, channel estimation filters, and automatic gain control.

WiMax
What is WiMAX? WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Support both fixed and mobile wireless broadband Advance Features of WiMAX OFDM-based physical layer High data rate Adaptive modulation and coding Multiple-antenna techniques Quality of Service support Support both TDD and FDD IP-based architecture

Applications of WiMax

Physical layer
OFDM OFDMA Smart Antenna design