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Presnetation Assumptions/References
Basic knowledge of:
LRFD (previous webinars) Basic Deep Foundation Design and Construction
Primary References:
Section 10 of AASHTO (2010, 5th Edition) List of other references provided at end
70 73
4
Section 10 Contents
Article 10.1 Topic Scope
Definitions Notation Soil and Rock Properties Limit States and Resistance Factors Spread Footings Driven Piles Drilled Shafts Micropiles Refer to Section 3 for Loads and Load Factors
X X X X
Cast-in-place concrete
Steel
X
X
X
X X
X
X X 6
Wood
Specialty/Composites
X
X
10.7.8 10.7.9
10.7.1 GENERAL
Consider spread footings first. Basic guidelines for driven pile configurations
Minimum spacing 2.5 pile diameters or 30 inches. Minimum of 9 inches pile cap edge and be embedded 12 inches into the pile cap or if with strands or bars then the pile embedment should be 6 inches. Piles through embankments should extend 10 ft into original ground or refusal on rock. Maximum of 6 inch fill size. Batter Piles: stiffness, dont use in downdrag situations, concern in seismic situations.
Same
Determining resistance Determining deflection
Different
Comparison of load and resistance Separation of resistance and deflection
10
WA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
WL 1.0 1.0
FR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
TG TG TG TG TG TG TG
SE SE SE SE SE SE SE 1.0
EQ 1.00
IC 1.00
CT 1.00
CV 1.00
11
EH EV ES
DC DD
DW
DC DD DW EH EV ES EL PS CR SH p p p p p p p 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
LL
LL IM CE BR PL LS 1.75 1.35 1.35 EQ 0.50 1.00 1.30 0.80 1.50 0.75
EQ WA
WA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 WS 1.40 0.40 0.30 0.70 WL 1.0 1.0 FR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 TU 0.50/1.20 0.50/1.20 0.50/1.20 0.50/1.20 0.50/1.20 1.00/1.20 1.00/1.20 1.00/1.20 1.00/1.20 TG TG TG TG TG TG TG SE SE SE SE SE SE SE 1.0 EQ 1.00
CT
IC 1.00 CT 1.00 CV 1.00
12
DC: Component and Attachments DC: Strength IV only DD: Downdrag Piles, Tomlinson Method Piles, Method Drilled shafts, ONeill and Reese (1999) Method DW: Wearing Surfaces and Utilities EH: Horizontal Earth Pressure Active At-Rest AEP for anchored walls EL: Locked-in Construction Stresses EV: Vertical Earth Pressure Overall Stability Retaining Walls and Abutments Rigid Buried Structure Rigid Frames Flexible Buried Structures other than Metal Box Culverts Flexible Metal Box Culverts and Structural Plate Culverts with Deep Corrugations ES: Earth Surcharge
13
Structural
Vertical or horizontal Permanent/Transient
Geotechnical
Vertical/Horizontal Downdrag/Setup/Relaxation
Bridge Deck New Fill
Bearing Stratum
14
Downdrag
Geotechnical load Can be significant particularly given the max load factors Articles 3.4.1 and 3.11.8
Design Method
Bearing Stratum
Load Factors Maximum Minimum 1.40 0.25 1.05 0.30 1.25 0.35 15
15
Informational Needs Subsurface Exploration Laboratory Tests In Situ Tests Geophysical Tests Selection of Design Properties
DISCUSSED IN PREVIOUS WEBINAR ON SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATIONS Next Offering on August 18, 2011
16
17
Pile Types Based on Soil Displacement During Driving Low Displacement High Displacement
18
General (Section 3, Section 10.4, 10.7.1) 4 18 10.5 Limit States and Resistance Factors 19 22 10.7.2 Service Limit State 23 31
10.7.3 Strength Limit State 10.7.4 Extreme Event Limit State 10.7.5 Corrosion and Deterioration 32 58 59 65 66 69
70 73
19
21
General (Section 3, Section 10.4, 10.7.1) 4 18 10.5 Limit States and Resistance Factors 19 22 10.7.2 Service Limit State 23 31
10.7.3 Strength Limit State 10.7.4 Extreme Event Limit State 10.7.5 Corrosion and Deterioration 32 61 62 65 66 69
70 73
23
24
Fx M2
H2 M1
H1
26
Horizontal Response
Isolated Group
Assumes nominal resistance is adequate No consideration of possible brittle response of geomaterial LPILE type p-y model or Strain Wedge Method
27
Shear, k
0 20
0.84
8640
Depth, ft
10
20
65.5
30
40
50
28
Spacing
Applied Load
Spacing (S) 3B 5B
P-multiplier (Pm) Row 1 0.8 1.00 Row 2 0.4 0.85 Row 3 0.3 0.7
29
Moment
Moment
30
30
General (Section 3, Section 10.4, 10.7.1) 4 18 10.5 Limit States and Resistance Factors 19 22 10.7.2 Service Limit State 23 31
10.7.3 Strength Limit State 10.7.4 Extreme Event Limit State 10.7.5 Corrosion and Deterioration 32 58 59 65 66 69
70 73
32
Structural
Flexure
Shear
Geotechnical Axial
33
33
Steel Section 6
Wood Section 8
34
Timber (8.5.2.2 and .3) Compression = 0.9 Tension = 0.8 Flexure = 0.85 Shear = 0.75 36
37
3.50
2.75
2.25
2.00
1.90
38
Estimated
Capacity Energy Stress
Measured
Capacity Energy Stress
0.10 or 0.40
0.50
0.65 or 0.75
2.75
2.25 2.00
X
X
X
X X X
0.75 to 0.80
39
Geotechnical Nominal Resistance of Piles: Static Load Tests ASTM D1143 (10.7.8.2)
Test Setup
40
41
elastic
(a)
Dense Layer
(b)
(c)
42
43
250
250
T e n s io n S tr e s s ( M P a )
C o m p r e s s iv e S tr e s s ( M P a )
195 MPa
200
0.800 7.60 kN 10535 kN/mm 2.500 3.000 0.160 0.500 mm mm sec/m sec/m
150
150
100
100
50
50
U ltim a t e C a p a c ity ( k N )
0 2000
0 5.00
1200
3.00
2.6 m
800 2.00
400
1.00
0 0.0
25.0
50.0
75.0
100.0
125.0
0.00 150.0
S t r o k e ( m e te r )
1480 kN
1600
4.00
Pile Model
68 blows / 0.25 m
44
45
Estimated
Capacity Energy Stress
Measured
Capacity Energy Stress
X X X X X X X X
46
47
48
A
Resistance Side Resistance
B C
D
Tip Resistance Vertical Displacement
RS RP
RS = AS qs
AASHTO 10.7.3.7.5-2
50
51
52
Resistance Factor, f Compression Tension 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.40 0.30 0.45 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.50 0.40 0.60 0.50
53
54
RS RP
RS RP
RS RP
RS RP 55
SOIL SETUP
Soil setup is a time dependent increase in the static pile resistance Large excess positive pore pressures are often generated during pile driving Soil setup frequently occurs for piles driven in saturated clays as well as loose to medium dense silts and fine sands as the excess pore pressure dissipate Magnitude of setup depends on soil characteristics and pile material and type 56
57
Take lesser of
58
General (Section 3, Section 10.4, 10.7.1) 4 16 10.5 Limit States and Resistance Factors 17 20 10.7.2 Service Limit State 21 29
10.7.3 Strength Limit State 10.7.4 Extreme Event Limit State 10.7.5 Corrosion and Deterioration 30 58 59 65 66 69
70 73
59
60
61
General (Section 3, Section 10.4, 10.7.1) 4 18 10.5 Limit States and Resistance Factors 19 22 10.7.2 Service Limit State 23 31
10.7.3 Strength Limit State 10.7.4 Extreme Event Limit State 10.7.5 Corrosion and Deterioration 32 58 59 62 63 66
67 73
63
Corrosion of steel pile foundations, particularly in fill soils, low pH soils and marine environments
Sulfate, chloride, and acid attack of concrete pile foundations Decay of timber piles from wetting and drying cycles from insects and marine borers
64
66
General (Section 3, Section 10.4, 10.7.1) 4 18 10.5 Limit States and Resistance Factors 19 22 10.7.2 Service Limit State 23 31
10.7.3 Strength Limit State 10.7.4 Extreme Event Limit State 10.7.5 Corrosion and Deterioration 32 58 59 62 63 66
67 73
67
20 10 Ult Cap kips 800 600 400 200 Stroke ft 16.0 12.0 8.0 4.0
160
320
480 Blows/ft
68
Pile Type
Steel Concrete
Loading Type
Compression/Tension Compression Tension Compression
dr fda (0.9 f y )
' dr fda (0.85 fc )
dr fda (0.7 fy )
' dr fda (0.85 fc fpe ) ' dr fda (0.095 fc fpe )
Prestressed
dr fda (fpe )
Timber
Compression/Tension
dr fda (fco )
69
70
General (Section 3, Section 10.4, 10.7.1) 4 18 10.5 Limit States and Resistance Factors 19 22 10.7.2 Service Limit State 23 31
10.7.3 Strength Limit State 10.7.4 Extreme Event Limit State 10.7.5 Corrosion and Deterioration 32 58 59 62 63 66
67 71
71
72
Article 10.7.3.3 changed to clarify the use and potential pitfalls of the approaches provided to estimate the pile length required.
Article C10.7.3.4.3, guidance added regarding the length of time needed for various soil conditions before a restrike should be attempted.
73
Table 10.5.5.2.3-1 Resistance Factors for Driven Piles Static Load Test with Dynamic Tests 0.80
(minimum test number 2 and minimum percentage 2% of tests)
Static Load Test without Dynamic Tests 0.75 Dynamic Testing 100% production piles 0.75 Dynamic Tests 0.65 (minimum test number 2 and
minimum percentage 2% of tests)
75
REFERENCES
Allen, T. M. 2005. Development of Geotechnical Resistance Factors and Downdrag Load Factors for LRFD Foundation Strength Limit State Design, FHWA-NHI-05052, FHWA, Wash. DC. Barker, R. M. et al 1991. Manuals for the Design of Bridge Foundations NCHRP Report 343. Transportation Research Board, NRC, Wash., DC. Hannigan P.J. et al, 2005. Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations, FHWA-HI-05, FHWA, Wash. DC Paikowsky S. G. et al, 2004. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Deep Foundations, NCHRP Report 507. Transportation Research Board, NRC, Wash. DC.
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