CRYPTOGRAPHY DES

EMMANUEL M. BIBANGAMBA

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cryptography defined Definitions used Brief history of Cryptography DES & its history Technical details of DES Flow Chart on DES encryption An example on DES encryption (bits) Future of DES References Questions

CRYPTOGRAPHY DEFINED
What is Cryptography? A process associated with scrambling plain text into cipher text, then back again. Cryptographys four objectives: 1) Confidentiality 2) Integrity 3) Non-repudiation 4) Authentication

DEFINITIONS
NSA National Security Agency. NBS National Bureau of Standards. NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology Cipher - A design combining or interweaving letters or initials. FIPS- Federal Information Processing Standard

BRIEF HISTORY
Cryptography began almost as early as when mankind started communicating in writing.

Much of modern fame was gained during World War II with the cracking of the German Enigma code and the Japanese military cipher.

The landmark discovery of cryptographys intimate connection to mathematics.

DES AND ITS HISTORY

DES, an acronym for the Data Encryption Standard. The DEA is also defined in the ANSI standard X3.92. DES is an improvement of algorithm Lucifer, and it was assigned to IBM, Feistels employer

TECHNICAL DETAILS OF DES

DES encryption takes as an input 64-bit block of plain text along with a 56-bit key. The encryption process takes place in 16 rounds in which a round function defined in terms of the S-boxes, is applied over and over with various sub keys of the 56-bit input key, which are generated according to a well defined scheme.

Flowchart for DES encryption

Plain Text
T

R
K1

+ L R L R F(K,R)

F R L F(K,R) K2- K16 R

T-1 CIPHER TEXT

FLOW CHART (Continued)

In order to decrypt, the subkeys are used in reverse First let L(x) denotes the left half of a bit string x (assuming x has an even number of bits ) Let R (x) denote the right half, and C (x) be given by C(x) = R(x) || L(x)

FLOW CHART (Continued)

For a 48-bit string k and a 64-bit plain text, Let fk(x) be given by fk(x) = (L(x) + F(k, R(x)))||R(x). Then fk1(x), fk2(x),,fk16(x) are represented by the encircled plus sign, letter F and black dot

DES EXAMPLE
For example: DES is presented with plain texts X1 = 00000000 00000000 0000000 0000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 and X2 = 10000000 00000000 0000000 0000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 and the key K = 00000001 1001011 0100100 1100010 0011100 0011000 0011100 0110010 Then DES produces cipher texts that differ from one another in 34 positions.

FUTURE OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
From e-mail to cellular communications, cryptography is an essential part of today's information systems. Cryptography helps provide accountability, fairness, accuracy, and confidentiality. But the cryptography now on the market doesn't provide the level of security it advertises. People who break cryptographic systems don't follow rules; they cheat.

REFERENCES
www.stallion.com/html/support/glossary.htm Invitation to Cryptology. Thomas H. Barr Rhodes College. ISBN: 0-13-088976-8 http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2 226 http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url= /library/e nus/cpref/html/frlrfsystemsecuritycryptographydes classtopic.asp

http://www.schneier.com/essay-005.html

QUESTIONS ???????