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CLASSIFICATION
There are two main categories of confined spaces, namely: permit-required confined spaces non-permit-required confined spaces
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Not all confined spaces will be considered permit-required confined spaces and being able to identify the difference between the two is important.
IDENTIFYING / RECORDING
Initial surveys are conducted to identify all of the confined spaces at the site and to prepare an inventory list of these spaces. The spaces on the list will then be classified according to type. With the ready availability of digital photography, it is often beneficial to include photos with the hazard assessment.
PHASE 2 ASSESSMENT
47% Air (Oxygen, Gases, Vapors) 21% Drowning (Engulfment) 19% Toxic (Liquids, Vapors, etc above PEL 10% Blunt Force Trauma 2% Electrocution (Mostly due to objects the victim took in with them) 1% Burns
HAZARD CATEGORIES
The main confined-space hazards can be grouped into the following categories:
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Oxygen-deficient atmospheres Flammable atmospheres Toxic atmospheres Mechanical and physical hazards
HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES
Asphyxiating atmospheres Flammable atmospheres Toxic atmospheres
NITROGEN (N2)
Colorless, odorless inert gas Slightly lighter than air Vapor density (0.97) May displace oxygen and cause asphyxiation
METHANE (CH4)
Natural, marsh or swamp gas Colorless, odorless, flammable gas Lighter than air Vapor Density (0.6) Toxic? Lower Exposure Limit (LEL)= 5%; Upper Exposure Limit (UEL) = 15%
Respiratory Exposure Limit (REL) = 35 ppm Short Term Exposure Limit = 200 ppm
Lower Exposure Limit (LEL) = 12.5%; Upper Exposure Limit (UEL) = 74.2%
ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS
Definitions
ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS
Definitions
Many flammable and combustible liquids present an inhalation as well as a fire hazard.
PEL - The Permissible Exposure Limit of a gas or vapor according to formal standards, expressed in parts of vapor per million parts (ppm) of contaminated air.
GENERAL HAZARDS
Electrical Mechanical Engulfment
Entrapment
ELECTRICAL INJURIES
The voltage of the circuit
The flow of current through the body The circuit path through the body
ENGULFMENT
" Engulfment" means the surrounding and effective capture of a person by a liquid or finely-divided (flowable) solid substance that can be aspirated to cause death by filling or plugging the respiratory system or that can exert enough force on the body to cause death by strangulation, constriction, or crushing.
MECHANICAL/ENTRAPMENT
Agitators Augers Unguarded chains Unguarded pulleys Unguarded rotating blades Unguarded belts Unguarded fans Moving parts Rotating parts
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Thermal effects Noise
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THERMAL EFFECTS
Heat stress Cold stress
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NOISE HAZARDS
Distraction
OTHER HAZARDS
Unstable or dangerous work surfaces
Falling objects
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ASSESSMENT APPROACH
DEFINITION
HAZARD is a condition or practice which has the potential to cause harm
e.g., substances, methods of work, dangerous parts of machines
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HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
The hazard identification process should consider the following: all aspects of the work/machinery etc. under normal circumstances possible non-routine operation/work situations, or effect of interruptions / changes to the work/operation. all persons who may be affected by the activities (highlighting persons who are particularly affected) existing control measures
DEFINITION
RISK is the likelihood that the harm from a particular hazard will occur The chance of harm or loss The extent of risk depends on the severity of the harm, and also the number of people affected
RISK
EXPOSURE
PROBABILITY
RISK EVALUATION
Risk evaluation uses values in order to calculate the risk factor. This would usually include values based on:
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measurement of consequence
measurement of exposure measurement of probability
REVIEW
Surveys and hazard assessments should be updated periodically. A general review of all items should be conducted at least annually. If changes occur in the facility or processes, the affected spaces need to be reassessed immediately. Reports of issues from entry crews may also provide warning that a space needs to be reevaluated e.g. if the crew discovers a hazardous atmosphere in a space that does not usually contain one, the source of the hazard should be determined and the hazard assessment revised if necessary.