Click icon to add picture

Fire Fighting Course

Prepared by Eng/ Magid elithy revised by Eng / Sayed Abd el Hamied

Table of contents
Overview

of Firefighting

Single Line Diagram Pumps & Pump Room Sprinklers Systems

Overview of Firefighting

Fire Triangle parameters :1. 2. 3.

Air Fuel Heat

( Oxygen ) ( Flammable Material ) ( sufficient heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature )
4

Overview of Firefighting
Fire

Fighting

methods :-

, by creating a barrier using foam

for instance and prevent oxygen getting to the fire

By applying water you can lower the temperature below the ignition temperature
5

Overview of Firefighting
Fire Fighting Systems
Manua l
Manual extinguish er Siamese connection Fire hydrant

Automati c

Cabinet

Sprinklers SYS

Overview of Firefighting

Materials ( Manual & Automatic )

Water FM200 Co2 Halon Dry Chemica l powder Foam

Single Line Diagram

Single Line Digram 2.dwg
First Water source Manual Cabinet Systems Second Water source

Tank

Pump Room

Siamese connectio n Automatic Sprinklers systems 8

Pump Room

Pump room

Delivered water from tank to firefighting systems

Cabinet

Tank

Pump Room
Sprinkler s

10

Pump room

11

Pump room

Horizontal Centrifugal Pump Vertical centrifugal pump

12

Centrifugal pump
Impeller between bearing

Overhung

13

Centrifugal

pumps

Working mechanism of centrifugal pump

The main purpose

is to convert energy of a mover (Electric motor ) first to velocity (kinetic energy ) and then into pressure energy ( Static energy )

Energy chance occur by two main parts

1-Impeller ( Rotating part that convert driver energy into kinetic energy ) 2-The Volute or Diffuser ( Stationary part that convert the kinetic energy to static energy (Pressure energy))

14

Generation of Centrifugal Force

As liquid leaves the eye of the impeller a low pressure area is created causing more liquid to flow towards the inlet First The liquid enter the suction Step : eye of nozzle and then into impeller Conversion

Motor Energy When the impeller rotates Into Kinetic it spins the liquid sitting in Energy
the cavities between the vanes outward and provides centrifugal acceleration

15

Generation of Centrifugal Force

Resistance to the flow : the first resistance to the flow is created by the pump casing ( Volute ) that catches the liquid and Second slow it down ..: Step Its velocity converted to Conversion pressure according to Kinetic Energy Bernoulli's equation

Into Pressure Energy

16

Formula :-

This head can also be calculated from the readings on the pressure gauges attached to the suction and discharge lines

17

Fact One fact that must always be remembered: A pump does not create pressure, it only provides flow. Pressure is a just an indication of the amount of

18

1-Rotating components comprised

of an impeller and the shaft

Centrifugal pump has two main component

2-Stationary components
comprised of a casing and bearing
19

Stationary Components Casing

Volute casing Circular casing

Volute casing increase the area to the discharge port , as the area of the cross section Have a increase stationary thediffusions volute reduce vanes the surroundings speed of the liquid the impeller and increase periphery the that convertpressure velocity energy into Volute casing pressure : build energy HIGH head , Circular casing are used for LOW head

casing

Solid Casing

Spilt casing

Two or more parts are fastened together. When the A design in which the entire casing parts are divided by horizontal plane, casing including the the casing is described as horizontally split discharge nozzle is all or axially split casing. When the split is in a contained in one casting or vertical plane perpendicular to the rotation fabricated piece axis, the casing is described as vertically

21

Suction and Discharge Nozzle

End suction Top Discharge Top suction Top Discharge Side suction Side Discharge

The suction and discharge nozzles are The suction nozzle is located at the end located at the sides top ofof the the case case of, and concentric to, the shaft while the perpendicular to the shaft. shaft This pump can discharge nozzle is located at the top of have always either a radially an axially split or case radially pumpsplit case the case perpendicular to the shaft type.
22

Rotating components

Impeller
direction of flow Mixe Radia Axial d lflow flow flow suction type DoubleSinglesuction
mechanical construction

Close Open d
23

Centrifugal pump parameters

Capacity

:-

Definition :Capacity means the flow rate with which liquid is moved or pushed by the pump to the desired point in the process. It is commonly measured in either gallons per minute (gpm) or cubic meters per hour (m3/hr). The capacity usually changes with the changes in operation of the process.

1 ( m3/Hr ) = 3.66 (GPM)

24

The capacity depends on a number o f f a c t o r s l i ke : 1 - Pr o c e s s l i q u i d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i . e . d e n s i t y, v i s c o s i t y 2-Size of the pump and its inlet and outlet sections 3-Impeller size 4-Impeller rotational speed RPM 5-Size and shape of cavities between the vanes 6 - Pu m p s u c t i o n a n d d i s c h a r g e temperature and pressure conditions
25

Formula :-

26

Centrifugal pump parameters (HEAD)

HEAD:

Significance of using the head term

instead of the pressure term The pressure at any point in a liquid can be thought of as being caused by a vertical column of the liquid due to its weight. The height of this column is called the static head and is expressed in terms of feet of liquid.
27

Centrifugal pump parameters (HEAD)

The same head term is used to measure the kinetic energy created by the pump. In other words, head is a measurement of the height of a liquid column that the pump could create from the kinetic energy imparted to the liquid

28

Centrifugal pump parameters (HEAD)

The main reason for using head instead of pressure to measure a centrifugal pump's energy is that the pressure from a pump will change if the specific gravity (weight) of the liquid changes, but the head will not change. Since any given centrifugal pump can move a lot of different fluids, with different specific gravities, it is simpler to discuss the pump's head and forget about the pressure.
29

Fact
A

given pump with a given impeller diameter and speed will raise a liquid to a certain height regardless of the weight of the liquid.

30

Formula :-

liquids

0.5

have specific gravities typically ranging from (light) to 1.8 (heavy).

Water is a benchmark, having a specific gravity of

1.0.
31

Definition : 1-Static

Suction Head, hS

2-Static Discharge Head, hd Total Static Head 3-Friction Head, hf 4-Vapor pressure Head, hvp 5-Velocity Head, hv
head hp

6-pressure

7-Total Suction Head HS 8-Total Discharge Head Hd 9-Total Differential Head HT 10-Net Positive Suction Head Required NPSHr 11-Net Positive Suction Head Available NPSHa

32

Definition : 1-Static

Suction Head, hS

Head resulting from elevation of the liquid relative to the pump center line. If the liquid level is above pump centerline, hS is positive. If the liquid level is below pump centerline, hS is negative . Negative hS condition is commonly denoted as a suction lift condition
33

Definition : 2-Static

Discharge Head, hd

the vertical distance between the pump centerline and the surface of the liquid in the destination tank.

34

Definition :

What is Static Head?

In a pumping system, this head represents the energy required to raise the liquid from the pump centerline to the point in the pipe that the liquid needs to be raised

35

Definition :

3-Friction Head, hf
This is the loss needed to overcome that is caused by the resistance to flow in the pipe and fittings. It is dependent on size, condition and type of pipe, number and type of pipe fittings, flow rate, and nature of the liquid.

36

37

Definition :-

4-Vapor pressure Head, hvp

38

Definition :

5-Velocity Head, hv

It is the equivalent head in feet through which the water would have to fall to acquire the same v e l o c i t y,

39

Definition :6-pressure

head hp

Suc t i o n Pr es s ure H ea d ex i s t s because the suction tank is under a pressure other than atmospheric. It is the pressure acting on the surface of the liquid in the suction tank. This pressure can be positive (above atmospheric) or negative (vacuum).
40

Definition : 7 -To t a l
This

Suction Head HS

i s c a l l e d To t a l S y s t e m S u c t i o n H e a d . T h i s i s a l s o s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d To t a l D y n a m i c S u c t i o n Head. T h e e q u a t i o n t o c a l c u l a t e t h i s h e a d r e q u i r e m e n t . S u c t i o n s t a t i c h e a d i s p o s i t i v e w h e n t h e r e i s a flooded suction and negative when there is a suction lift. Pressur e hea d is zero if the t ank is a tmospheric. It is added when above zero gauge pressure and subtracted when under vacuum. Ve l o c i t y h e a d t h e o r e t i c a l l y i s p a r t o f t h e S y s t e m Suction Head equation. In practical application, it is rarely considered as its value is minimal

41

Definition
8-Total

Discharge Head Hd

42

Definition :

9-Total Differential Head HT Total Dynamic Head

Total Head system

HT=Hd-Hs
43

Pump Performance Curve

Total dynamic Head

Increasing capacity decreasing Head

Capacity

44

1 0 - N e t P o s i t i v e S u c t i o n H e a d Re q u i r e d ( N P S H r )

As

liquid enters the pump, there is a reduction of pressure and subsequent head. This head reduction is a function of the specific pump and is determined by laboratory testing to be stated by the pump manufacturer on a pump curve. Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR) is the measurement of this head reduction to determine the minimum suction head condition required to prevent the liquid from vaporizing in the pump.

45

1 0 - N e t P o s i t i v e S u c t i o n H e a d Re q u i r e d ( N P S H r )

Notice on the NPSHR curve below, as the pump capacity increases and head decreases, more NPSHR is required to prevent cavitation from occurring.

46

Definition
Efficiency

Efficiency is power output of a mechanical device, such as a pump, divided by power input to the device. Pump efficiency is the ratio of liquid power (also known as water power) divided by the power input to the pump shaft,(also known as brake power

47

Definition

Best Efficiency point

48

Definition

Power Requirements

49

50

PUMP SELECTION pss.jnlp

51

Pump operations
Pumps

operates by : -

Electric Engines Diesel Engines

52

Pump room contents

53

Pump room operations

54

Pump room specifications

Any pump can be used to be Firefighting pumps as long as matching :-

1. NFPA 2.LPC

(National Fire Protection Association)

(Loss Prevention Council )

Manufacturing of pumps should be according to 1. American specs ANSI (American National Standards Institute ) 2. British specs BS (British Standard ) 3. Germany specs DIN (Diameter Nominal )

55

Pump room specifications

It

should delivered with pumps test certification from manufacturer states about testing the pumps with its control panels If the pump according American specs it should be UL or FM certification states about testing the pump according American specs
56

NFPA (National Fire Protection Association )

NFPA

20 (Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection )

This standard shall apply to centrifugal single-stage and multistage pumps of the horizontal or vertical shaft design and positive displacement pumps of the horizontal or vertical shaft design.

1.3.1

57

NFPA (National Fire Protection Association )

5.1.2 Other Pumps shall be limited to capacities of less than 1892 L/min (500 gpm).
The meaning of (SHALL) in nfpa code : Indicates a mandatory requirement

58

NFPA 20

The pump is required to demonstrate its ability to achieve 65% of rated pressure when flowing at 150% of rated capacity Shut-off head will range from a minimum of 101% to a maximum of 140% of head
59

60

NFPA20

Gallon per minute according to NFPA20

61

Installation of pump

Pump Room Components

62

Installation of pump room

1-Pump

& Engine

63

Installation of pump room

Suction Line Discharge Line Check Line

64

Installation of pump room

Pump Room Connection

65

66

67

Installation of pump room

pump

room.dwg

Pump Room 2.dwg

AutoCAD

Drawings

Pump Room (Electric ).dwg pump Room (Diesel ).dwg Pump Room 3d.dwg
68

Gallery

Gallery

69

Concentric reducer

70

Check Valve

71

Diesel pump fuel tank

72

Air Vent on discharge line

73

Concentric & eccentric reducers

74

Sprinklers

Systems

75

There are 4 main types of systems :Pipe

Wet

Dry Pipe Pre-Action Deluge

76

WET pipes system

Wet pipe sprinkler systems contain water in the riser and piping at all times. As soon as a sprinkler head activates due to the heat of a fire, water is immediately discharged through the open head .

77

78

Wet Pipe System Components

Main

Control Valve

Butterfly Valve

Objective :Shut down system for service

79

Wet Pipe System Components

Control

Valve

80

When the fire protection system is initially being pressurized, water will flow into the system until the water supply and system pressure become equalized, and the torsion Spring closes the Clapper in the Alarm Check Valve. Once the pressures have

81

Leakage in System Restrictio

n Assembly OUTLET

INLET Flow Inlet

<

Flow Outlet (1) Flow Inlet > Flow Outlet 1 (2)

82

ALAR M

FIRE,FIR E

83

84

Check Valve Symbol Check Valve

Check Valve Block

Valve Block.dwg
85

Check

Wet Pipe System Components

Friction Loss Chart ( Check Valve )

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

DRY pipes system

Dry pipe sprinkler systems contain air (or sometimes nitrogen) in the riser and piping at all times. The air (or nitrogen) is under pressure and this pressure maintains a "differential dry pipe valve" in the closed position

93

DRY pipes system

. When a sprinkler head activates, the

air (or nitrogen) is exhausted through the open head, thus allowing the differential dry pipe valve to open and water to be admitted to the riser and piping.

94

DRY pipes system

Some dry pipe systems are equipped with quick opening devices (QOD's) which assist in exhausting the air or nitrogen from the system thus allowing water to reach the open head more quickly. Dry pipe systems are installed where there is a danger of freezing.

95

96

97

procedure
When

one or more automatic sprinklers operate in response to a fire, air pressure within the system piping is relieved through the open sprinklers. When the air pressure is sufficiently reduced, the water pressure overcomes the differential holding the Clapper Assembly closed and the Clapper Assembly swings clear of the water seat, This action permits water flow into the system piping and subsequently to be discharged from any open sprinklers. Also, with the Clapper Assembly open, the intermediate chamber is pressurized and water flows through the alarm port.

98

procedure
After

a valve actuation and upon subsequent closing of a system main control valve to stop water flow, the Clapper Assembly will latch open Latching open of the DPV-1 will permit complete draining of the system through the main drain port. During the valve resetting procedure and after the system is completely drained, the external reset knob can be easily depressed to externally unlatch the Clapper Assembly . As such, the Clapper Assembly is returned to its normal set position to facilitate setting of the dry pipe sprinkler system, without having to remove the Hand hole Cover.

99

100

101

Preaction pipes system

A

Preaction System is a sprinkler system employing closed automatic sprinklers connected to a piping system that contains air or nitrogen that may or may not be pressurized. A supplemental detection system (release line) is installed in the same area as the sprinklers

102

NFPA 13 defines three basic types of preaction systems:

Single Interlocked: Admits water to sprinkler piping upon operation of detection devices only. Double Interlocked: Admits water to sprinkler piping upon operation of both the detection devices and automatic sprinklers

103

preaction systems:

Non-Interlocked: Admits water to sprinkler piping upon either operation of detection devices or automatic sprinklers.

104

preaction systems:

The supplemental detection system is commonly electric or pneumatic or a combination of both. Detection systems used with electric release systems are commonly actuated by manual pull stations, fixedtemperature heat detectors, rate-of-rise heat detectors, smoke detectors or other means determined

105

preaction systems:

In accordance with NFPA 13, the preaction sprinkler system piping and fire detection devices shall be automatically supervised where there are more than 20 sprinklers on the systems. This is accomplished with air or nitrogen gas under pressure within the sprinkler piping. If the integrity of the sprinkler piping is compromised, the pressure will be reduced activating a supervisory pressure switch that transmits the signal to the release control panel and/or fire alarm panel.

106

preaction systems:
Single

Interlocked

107

preaction systems:

Double Interlocked

114

preaction systems:

. The double interlock preaction system utilizes a detector system and pressurized air or nitrogen in the sprinkler system piping. This system is arranged so that the deluge valve will open only when both pressure is reduced in the sprinkler piping and the detection system operates.

115

preaction systems:
If

the detection system operates due to damage or malfunction, the valve will not open, but an alarm will sound. If the sprinkler piping is damaged or sprinkler is broken, the valve will not open but a supervisory alarm will sound. The operation of both a sprinkler and a detector (or release) is required before the valve will open, allowing water to enter the system piping.

116

Deluge systems:
A

deluge system is similar to a pre-action system except the sprinkler heads are open and the pipe is not pressurized with air. Deluge systems are connected to a water supply through a deluge valve that is opened by the operation of a smoke or heat detection system. The detection system is installed in the same area as the sprinklers. When the detection system is activated water discharges through all of the sprinkler heads in the system. Deluge systems are used in places that are considered high hazard areas such as power plants, aircraft hangars and chemical storage or processing facilities. Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary to prevent fire spread

126

Deluge systems:

Deluge System with Electric actuated

127

Deluge systems:

Deluge System with wet pilot actuated

134

Deluge systems:

Deluge System with Dry pilot actuated

141

Zone Control valve ( floor c v )

148