Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Dr. Vinay
M.Tech,M.Phill
B)
COMMON BINDERS:
ROAD TARS
BITUMEN
CUT-BACK BITUMEN
BITUMEN EMULSION
SPECIAL BINDER
MODIFIED BITUMEN
60/70
ANNUAL CONSUMPTION
1985-86 1.1 MILLION TONES
1989-90
1991-92
QUALITY OF BITUMEN QUALITY VARIES FROM REFINERY TO REFINERY FOR SAME PENETRATION GRADE QUALITY VARIES FROM BATCH TO BATCH
S 35
S 65 6070 4055 35 75
S 90 80100 3550 35 75
3040 Soft.pt.C 5065 Pen. Ratio(min.) 35 Ductility,27C,cm 50 ,(min) Flash pointC,min 175
175
175
175
175
175
6
7
0.99
0.2
0.99
0.2
0.99
0.2
0.99
0.2
0.99
0.2
0.99
0.2
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
8 9 10
11
12 13
Wax ,%, max(IS 10512) Frass break pt., C,min Loss on heat,%(TFOT),max. Retained Pen.(TFOT) 25 C,%, original,min % sol.,TCE,min Viscosity,60C,Poises
4.5 -4 1
4.5 -4 1
4.5 -6 1
4.5 -6 1
4.5 -8 1
4.5 -10 2
55
99
55
99
52
99
52
99
47
99
42
99
2505 0
135C,cst,min
220
210
180
150
110
20
TYPE 2 BITUMEN
S.No Characteristics
PEN. 25C Soft.pt.C Pen. Ratio(min.)
A 35
A55
A65
A 90
1 2 3 4
Ductility,27C,cm, 10 (min)
175
175
175
Sp.Gravity, 27C,min
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.98
7 8
0.2 10
0.2 10
0.2 10
0.2 10
-4
1 57 99
-6
1 57 99
-8
1 47 99
-10
1 42 99
20050
135C,cst,min
100
70
50
(C) DUCTILITY
Ductility is measured as a distance in cm to which a briquette specimen of bitumen will elongate before it breaks when the specimen is pulled apart at specified speed and temperature. Speed 5 cm/min Test temperature of water bath 27C Significance The ductility value signifies the property by virtue of which a bitumen can exist in a thin film without breaking.
(F) VISCOSITY
Viscosity is the property of bitumen by which it resist flow due to internal friction. Generally, it is measured by determining time in seconds taken by specified volume of a material to flow from a standard viscometer cup through an orifice of specified diameter at specified temperature.
The standard tar viscometer covers a viscosity range of 320-5600 Centistoke. The symbol n is used for the term viscosity which is also called as absolute viscosity.
Kinematic Viscosity
G) SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Wt of SG Bottle = A Wt of Bottle + Water = B Wt of Bottle + 1/2 filled Bitumen = C Wt Bottle + Bitumen + Water = D SG = (C - A)/ {(B-A) - (D-A)}
apparatus.
constant rate.
POLYMER MODIFIED BITUMEN(PMB)Product, Purpose, Advantages Including Global and Indian Scenario
Severe Overloading
Extreme variation of climatic conditions Premature cracking of pavements
BRITTLENESS AT LOW TEMPERATURE BECOMES SOFT IN HOT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS HIGH TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITY SUSCEPTIBLE TO VISCOELASTIC DEFORMATION (RUTTING) FATIGUE FAILURE (CRACKING) POOR ADHESION
1. Roads with high traffic intensity of expressways & highways 2. Road locations subjected to heavy traffic stress e.g. bus stops, intersections, roundabouts & bridge decks.
A S0LUTION FOR ALL THESE PROBLEMS LIES IN USE OF POLYMER MODIFIED BITUMEN
Classification of Polymer Modifiers There are mainly two types of polymers used for development of Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) Thermoplastic:
Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) Polyisoprene, chloroprene Polybutadiene, Ethylene Ter Polymer Natural Rubber,
loss of chipping.
High thermostability, improved homogeneity and aging resistance, thus helping to reduce the hardening of
Development of PMB
Melting Behaviour of Polymers
LDPE - 114 C EVA - 90 C ELVALOY - 60 C
Degradation Behaviour
Above 250 C
Resist degradation of bitumen at mixing temperature Be capable of being processed by conventional mixing and laying machinery
Produce coating viscosity at application temperature
Advantages of PMB
Renewal courses as a part of maintenance High traffic loads, e.g., Highways and Airfield Pavements
Refinenies
Physical Properties of Polymer Modified Bitumen
A+5% SBS A+5% EVA A+5% LDPE B+5% SBS B+5% EVA B+5% LDPE B+2% PPW B+2% HTPB A+2% PE+2 EVA C+6% SBS C+4% EVA
SAMPLE
CYCLES
TO FAILURE 4080
B 60/70
A+2 % SBS A+5% SBS A+10% SBS A+2% EVA A+5% EVA A+10% EVA
11500
48802 91000 63800 4900 8800 10100
A+5 % LDPE
A+10% LDPE A+2 % PE+2% EVA A+2% PE+5% EVA B+2 % PPW B+1% HTPB B+2% HTPB
4800
750 10840 14750 8800 46500 16500
Global scenario
Modifiers as an individual or as a group of materials have made successful path into
10%
INDIAN SCENARIO
LABORATORY RESEARCH
LDPE EVA
SBS GILSONITE
NATURAL RUBBER POLYBUTADIENE RUBBER
TBM
SUPER (CHEMICALLY
CRRI has patent rights of some of the PMBs namely PMB developed with EVA an d SBS. The following firms have purchased Patents developed by CRRI
M/s. M.K. Petroproducts (P) Ltd.
(New Delhi)
1.
2.
PLASTOMER (EVA)
MODIFIED BITUMEN PLASTOMER (EVA) MODIFIED BITUMEN ELASTOMER (SBS) MODIFIED BITUMEN PLASTOMER (EVA) MODIFIED BITUMEN
3.
4.
5.
6.
bitumen modification.
Such type of waste being thermoplastic
CRUMB RUBBER
Grinding at RT Sponge like surface of Rubber particles High surface Area cryogenically ground (liquid N2) Clean flat surface Less Surface Area
Dry Method
Wet Method
TBM Super (Chemically Modified Crumb) has following advantages over crumb rubber available from open market.
- TBM Super is blended with bitumens at
conventional temperature (160 C) like EVA & LDPE Polymers which is lower as compared to high temperature( 220 required for other crumb rubber. - Blending time is shorter (30 minutes) as compared to 2 hours in case of crumb available from open market.
Field Trials :
Field trials using PMB products patented by CRRI were carried out in different climatic regions of
Crumb Rubber
Badrinath Road
-
Test Tracks were laid on NH-1 near Ambala Ring Road Opposite Rajghat near Delhi - Natural Rubber Modified Bitumen M.C. Road Trivandrum Ring Road Delhi, - ETHYLENE TERPOLYMER
CRRI
varies from location to location and is also dependent on the type, thickness and other environmental factors.
More field trials should be encouraged in high ,medium and low rainfall areas. To assess the suitability of various grades of PMB and CRMB for different climatic regions of India.
use of PMB /CRMB and related quality control aspects covering all the test needed with laboratory facilities including the financial implications in tender itself. Blending of PMBs /CRMBs with bitumen at site as well as hot mix plant is acceptable as long as modified bitumen meet IRC SP 53 Specification.
CRRI scientist may supervise the construction with PMBs in NH work if user agencies bear the expenses.
Thus while not cure all bitumen modifiers carefully selected and applied, have capacity to extend pavement service life.
Dr. Sangita Scientist,Flexible Pavements Division Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi
SPECIFICATIONS, APPLICATIONS, CHOICE OF APPROPRIATE GRADE AND HANDLING AT SITE ARE ALSO DEALT IN THESE GUIDELINES. BROAD RANGE OF TEMPERATURE PREVAILING AT DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION SITES, METHODS OF TEST FOR PHASE SEPARATIONS AND ELASTIC RECOVERY ARE INCLUDED IN THESE GUIDELINES.
THE QUANTITY OF MODIFIER ARE DETERMINED BY TESTS ON BITUMEN, MODIFIED BITUMEN AND ON BITUMINOUS MIXES THE TESTS FOR SOFTENING POINT, ELASTIC RECOVERY AND MARSHALL QUOTIENT ARE SIGNIFICANT TO DETERMINE REQUIRED DOSE OF MODIFIER, IF THE MODIFIER IS MIXED AT SITE.
SOME PRODUCTS ARE ALSO AVAILABLE IN MARKET, IN WHICH BITUMEN HAS BEEN MODIFIED WITH A BLEND OF MODIFIERS. THE PRODUCT SHALL COMPLY TO THE ABOVE REQUIREMENTS. IN CASE OF PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS, TEST REPORTS AND COST EFFECTIVENESS MAY BE THE BASIS FOR THEIR SELECTION IN ROAD WORKS.
TYPE OF BITUMEN MODIFIERS AND THEIR INDICATIVE DOSE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MODIFIERS HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED AS ADDITIVES FOR BITUMEN MODIFICATIONS. SOME OF THEM, WHICH ARE REPORTED TO HAVE DESIRED POTENTIAL AND THEIR INDICATIVE DOSE ARE GIVEN IN TABLE 1.
Requirements of PMB
(Elastomeric Thermoplastic and Rubber Latex) OLD
Sl No Types of Modifiers Examples Indicative Dose
3-6
3-5 Latex or Dry Rubber Powder Styrene Butadiene Styrene Block Copolymer (SBS), Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) 2-4 3-5
Reclaimed Rubbers
10-12
POLYMERIC TO ACHIEVE
IMPROVEMENT IN PROPERTIES OF
BITUMEN FOR ROAD WORKS.
ReductionPenetration
at 25 C (%), max
Increase in Softening Point C (max)
35
35
35
Elastic Recovery at 25 C
50
50
50
Requirements of Polymer Modified Bitumen (Plastomeric Thermoplastics )-2004 Designation 40 Penetration at 25 C Softening Point C PMB 120 PMB 70 PMB
90-150
50 55
50-90
60
30-50
-20 220
50 52 3 3
-16 220
40 58 3
-12 220
30 70
1-3
2-6
3-9
Requirements of Polymer Modified Bitumen (Plastomeric Thermoplastics)-2004 Test on Thin Film Oven Test Residue, TFOT Designation
Loss in weight
PMB 120
1.0
PMB 70
1.0
PMB 40
1.0
7 35
6 35
5 35
35 52
35 58
35 70
CRMB50
<70
CRMB55
<60
CRMB60
<50
50
50 220 4
55
50 220 4
60
50 220 4
60
7 35
60
6 35
60
5 35
NRMB120 NRMB70
90-150 50 50 220 50-90 55 40 220
NRMB40
30-50 60 30 220
Requirements of Natural Rubber Modified Binders (NRMB)-2004 Designation NRMB 120 NRMB 70 Penetration at 25 C 90-150 50-90 Softening Point C,min 45 50 Viscosity at 150C,Poise 1-3 2-6 Fraass Breaking Point C -20 -16 Elastic Recovery at 15 C 50 40 Flash PointC 220 220 Separation( Diff in S.P) 4 4
Penetration at 25 C % of
Original (min) Increase in Softening Point C Elastic Recovery at 25 C 7 35 6 30 5 25 60 60 60
Increase in Softening
Point C 7 6 5
Elastic Recovery at 25 C
35
25
20
<35 <-10 PMB/NRM B-120 CRMB-50 10to -10 PMB/NRM B-70 CRMB-50 >10 PMB/NRM B-70 CRMB-55
35-45 PMB/ NRMB-70 CRMB-55 PMB/NRM B-70 CRMB-55 PMB/NRM B-70 CRMB-55
>45 PMB/NRM B-70 CRMB-55 PMB/NMR B-40 CRMB-60 PMB/NRM B-40 CRMB-60
DESIGN OF MIXES
Hot Mix construction should be carried out at
an atmospheric temperature above 15 deg C.
1
2
1200
2.5-4.0
1000
3.5-5.0
1200
3-4.5
3
4 5
250-500
3-5 90 95 100
95
95
100
with bitumen
CONTROLS
The Specifications for various items of road work using PMB /CRMB are
TEST ARE:
TESTING OF BITUMEN
TESTING OF POLY. MODIFIED BITUMEN (IS 1201 1220) (IRC: SP 53, 1999) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------PENETRATION PENETRATION SOFTENING TEMPERATURE SOFTENING TEMPERATURE DUCTILITY FRASS BREAKING POINT FLASH AND FIRE POINT DUCTILITY PURITY FLASH POINT SPECIFIC GRAVITY ELASTIC RECOVERY WATER CONTENT SEPARATION LOW TEMPERATURE DUCTILITY VISCOSITY VISCOSITY THIN FILM OVEN TEST RESIDUE
PENETRATION IT IS A MEASURE OF HARDNESS OR CONSISTENCY OF BITUMEN. IT IS VERTICAL DISTANCE TRAVERSED BY A STANDARD NEEDLE EXPRESSED IN UNIT OF 0.1 MM UNDER SPECIFIED TEST CONDITIONS 25C, 100G, 5SEC 4C, 200G, 60SEC
SIGNIFICANCE: TO IDENTIFY THE GRADE OF UNKNOWN BITUMEN TO CHECK THE QUALITY (GRADE) OF A BITUMEN TO PREDICT AGE HARDENING (OXIDATION) PENETRATION AT 4C HELPS IN PREDICTION OF LOW TEMPERATURE THERMAL CRACKING(BRITTLENESS)
PR
PI
PTS =
SIGNIFICANCE: TO DETERMINE CONSISTENCY OF BITUMEN SIGNIFIES THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH BLEEDING OF BITUMINOUS ROAD SURFACING WILL OCCUR GREAT SIGNIFICANCE IN INDIA DUE TO EXTREME CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
VISCOSITY AT 60C AND 135C GRADE OF CUTBACK BITUMEN IS DESIGNATED BY ITS VISCOSITY VALUE HELPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS OF BITUMEN VISCOSITY TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP RHEOLOGY OF BITUMEN
THE MINIMUM VALUE OF VISCOSITY S 90 - 800 POISE S 65 - 1600 POISE TO CONTROL EXCESSIVE RUTTING AT HIGH TEMPERATURE S 35 - 3200 POISE PEN. VIS. NUMBER (PVN)
PVN = -1.5 [L LOG (135)]/(L M) L = 4.2580 0.79674 LOG PEN 25C M= 3.4628 0.61094 LOG PEN 25C VISCOSITY AT 135C AND PEN. AT 25C PVN 0 TO 1.5 TO 0 PREVENT THERMAL CRACKING IN CASE OF MODIFIED BINDER, VISCOSITY DETERMINATION IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT
DUCTILITY MEASURED AS A DISTANCE IN CM TO WHICH A BRIQUETTE SPECIMEN OF BITUMEN WILL ELONGATE BEFORE IT BREAKS WHEN SPECIMEN IS PULLED APART AT SPECIFIED SPEED AND TEMPERATURE. SPEED 5 CM/MIN TEMPERATURE - 27C VALUE - +75 SIGNIFICANCE: QUALITY CHECK OF BITUMEN
LOW TEMPERATURE DUCTILITY (LTD) DUCTILITY BELOW 25C IT IS A MEASURE OF COHESIVENESS PROPERTY OF BITUMEN GRADE 80/100 60/70 50/60 40/50 ACTUAL TEST TEMP.(SHELL) 10C 13C 15C 17C
SIGNIFICANCE TO COMPARE THE BRITTLENESS OF TWO OR MORE BITUMINOUS BINDERS RELATIVE COHESIVENESS TO DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN BITUMEN OF SATISFACTORY QUALITY AND THOSE HAVING SUFFICIENT BINDING PERFORMANCE TO DETERMINE ELASTIC RECOVERY OF BINDER
FLASH AND FIRE POINT FLASH LOWEST TEMPERATURE AT WHICH TEST FLAME CAUSES THE VAPOUR FROM BITUMEN TO CATCH FIRE FOR A MOMENT IN THE FORM OF A FLASH HEATING RATE 5C /MIN FIRE - LOWEST TEMPERATURE AT WHICH TEST FLAME CAUSES BITUMEN TO IGNITE AND BURN AT LEAST FOR 5 SECONDS
SIGNIFICANCE
POINT
MINIMUM VALUE (175C FLASH POINT)
THIN FILM OVEN TEST (TFOT) THIS TEST IS CARRIED OUT ON A THIN FILM OF BITUMEN AT 163C FOR 5.25 HRS. THE RESIDUE THUS OBTAINED IS TESTED FOR PENETRATION, SOFTENING POINT AND ELASTIC RECOVERY. PERCENTAGE LOSS IN WEIGHT DURING TFOT IS ALSO MEASURED.
SIGNIFICANCE
SEPARATION TEST
5.5 inch.
Fill the PMB sample in the tube condition at 163 5 deg C. In an oven
ELASTIC RECOVERY MEASURE THE DUCTILITY AT LOW TEMPERATURE (15 deg C) BY STRETCHING THE SPECIMEN UPTO 10 CM. AND CUTTING AT MID POINT THE BROKEN SPECIMEN IS LEFT AT LOW TEMPERATURE FOR ONE HOUR THE LENGTH OF THE SPECIMEN IS MEASURED AGAIN % RECOVERY IS CALCULATED
= 10 5 x 100 10 = (5 x 100)/10= 50 %