Density and Upthrust

The definition of Density is mass per unit volume so we can determine that the equation is = where m is the mass in Kg, volume is V in 3 and is the density in 3 If a body is fully or partially submerged in a liquid pressure differences at different depths cause it to experience an upward force known as Upthrust. By Archimedes' principle (An object wholly or partly immersed in a fluid experiences an Upthrust equal to the weight of fluid displaced) if the Upthrust on a fully submerged object is less than its weight the object will sink. An object will float if it can displace its own weight of fluid without becoming fully submerged. Upthrust = Volume X Density X Gravity

Viscous Drag
When solids and fluids move relative to each other he layer of fluid next to the solid exerts frictional force on it. Successive layers of fluid experience frictional forces between each other. And these frictional forces cause Viscous drag which is also the cause of air resistance. Although it acts over much of the surface of a solid object, viscous drag is labelled as a single force in the opposite direction to the relative motion of the fluid past the solid. Viscous drag is greater when the fluid is Turbulent so designers of cars ensure that the flow remains as laminar as possible.

Laminar and Turbulent flow

Fluids moving through pipes or around obstacles can flow in different ways. There are two ways in fluids flow Laminar (or streamlined) and Turbulent. Laminar flow usually occurs at lower speeds and around more streamlined objects. Laminar flow means flow in layers. The layers do not mix, except on the molecular scale, The layers are roughly parallel. The speed and direction at any point remain constant over time. There are no sudden changes in speed direction when the lines flow around objects. Turbulent flow is chaotic and subject to sudden changes in speed and direction eddies are frequently seen. There is a lot of large scale mixing in layers and the layers dont flow at a constant velocity. The larger the turbulent flow is the larger the viscous drag is so there will be a larger force needed to propel the object. When regarding machines such as cars it is important to make them as streamlined as possible so less fuel will be used which is now an important factor of why people purchase cars.

Terminal Velocity When an object is falling through a liquid there are 3 forces acting upon it these three forces are Upthrust acting upward viscous drag acting in the opposite direction to motion and weight which is always acting downwards so we can see that the resultant downwards force on the sphere is weight Upthrust viscous drag and therefore Upthrust and weight are constant and the viscous drag is proportional to the downward force so when the particle is at terminal velocity Upthrust + viscous drag = weight so if we look at this equation in terms of stokes law we find that the equation is 4 3 + 6 = 4 3 which can be 3 3 rearranged further to give = Viscosity
viscosity is the resistance to flow. the lower the temperature, the higher the viscosity. think of it like pancake syrup. when it's been in the fridge (low temps) it's flow is slow. but if you heat it up (increase temp) then it flows more fluidly; therefore, the viscosity decreases. with density, temperature makes things less dense. so take water for example: the water near the top of say an ocean will probably be warmer (because of the sun) and it is less dense. the more dense water sinks to the bottom because it's cold and therefore heavier
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