TEE COURSE GRADE 10

MODULE 7 - PC HARDWARE Memory and Storage Devices

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to : 1. Meet the expectations of the Course Curriculum coded as:
TFV.01E, TF2.01E, TF2.02E, TF2.03E, TF2.04E, IC1.02E, SPV.01E; 2. Explain the function and interaction of the primary (RAM, ROM) and secondary storage devices (magnetic and optical); 3. Describe secondary storage devices: FDD, HD, CD-ROM, DVD; 4. Use precise terminology in relation to all storage devices; 5. Explain how data is stored on the surface of magnetic and optical disks; 6. Uninstall and re-install main and secondary storage devices: RAM, FDD, HD, CD-ROM; 7. Use safe practices in the handling of computer hardware and electronic components.

Short Review

Computer System Components

Central Processing Unit
Input Devices Control Unit ALU Output Output Devices Devices

Special Primary Cache Purpose Memory Storage Processors

Secondary Storage Devices

Communication Devices

Three levels of memory hierarchy

Principle: the closer the memory is to the CPU, the faster it is.

Memory addresses
Memory is a collection of cells, each with a unique physical/memory address Each cell can hold one byte or 8 bits
With one by we can represent one character in ASCII Code

101 102 103 201 202 203 301 302 303

Example: A is 65 in ASCII code and 01000001 in binary representation

Application/Thinking
How many bytes are in the phrase You are great! . a) 11 b) 13 c) 14 d) 1 So, this sentence will occupy __?__ cells in memory

Storage Capacity

Unit -----------kilobyte megabyte gigabyte terabyte petabyte exabyte

Exact Number of bytes

Approximation

-----------------------210 bytes 220 bytes 230 bytes 240 bytes 250 bytes 260 bytes

-----------103 bytes 106 bytes 109 bytes 1012 bytes 1015 bytes 1018 bytes

Application/Thinking
How many megabytes (MB = 2 to the power of 20 bytes) are in a terabyte (1TB = 2 to the power of 40 bytes): a) 2 to the power of 10 b) 2 to the power of 20 c) 2 to the power of 40 d) 2 to the power of 80

PRIMARY MEMORY: RAM AND ROM

RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile (temporary). Programs and data can be written to and erased from RAM as needed. This means that RAM does not retain its bit configuration when the power is turned off, but ROM does ROM ( Read Only Memory) is nonvolatile (permanent). The contents in locations in ROM cannot be changed It holds instructions that run the computer when it is first turned on (BIOS)

The CPU accesses each location in memory by using a unique number, called a memory address.

Memory types- RAM

RAM: random access memory
SRAM: static RAM
No need to be refreshed

DRAM: dynamic RAM

Need to be refreshed periodically Main memory

SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) EDRAM (Enhanced DRAM) EDO (Extended Data Out) FLASH RAM Ferroelectric RAM

Memory types ROM

ROM: read-only memory (Pre-programmed)
PROM: programmable ROM
Only written once

EPROM: erasable PROM

Use ultraviolet light to erase data

EEPROM: electronically EPROM

Can be erased using electronic impulses (higher voltages)

Secondary Storage Devices

Storage devices hold data, even when the computer is turned off. The physical material that actually holds data is called a storage medium. The surface of a floppy disk is a storage medium. The hardware that writes data to or reads data from a storage medium is called a storage device. A floppy disk drive is a storage device. The two primary storage technologies are magnetic and optical.

Magnetic Storage Devices

Diskettes (floppy disks) (FDD) Hard disks (HD) High-capacity floppy disks (ZIP Disk) USB flash drive Magnetic tape

Optical Storage Devices

Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) Digital Video Disk Read-Only Memory (DVD-ROM) CD-Recordable (CD-R) CD-Rewritable (CD-RW) PhotoCD

CLASSIFICATION- BIG PICTURE

Registers 2ns Cache (I, II, III) SRAM DRAM SDRAM RAM EDRAM EDO FLASH RAM

Volatile Primary
(Semiconductor chip). Main Memory

Memory Types &

Storage Devices

PROM Non-volatile EPROM ROM EEPROM Tape Magnetic memory HD, Zip Disk Secondary FDD
(Devices)

Optical DVD-ROM, DVD-R Memory DVD- RW

CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW

5ms

Magnetic Storage Devices - How Magnetic Storage Works

A magnetic disk's medium contains iron particles, which can be polarizedgiven a magnetic chargein one of two directions (north or south).

Each particle's direction represents a 1 (on) or 0 (off), representing each bit of data that the CPU can recognize. A disk drive uses read/write heads containing electromagnets to create magnetic charges on the medium.

As the medium rotates, the head writes the data.

Magnetic Storage Devices - Diskettes

Diskette drives, also known as floppy disk drives, read and write to diskettes (called floppy disks or floppies). In disks the areas to save data are organized as a set of concentric circles called Tracks. Floppy disks have 80 tracks. The disks are further divided into pie-slice Sectors. 300 rpm Diskettes size: 3.5-inch.

Formatted Disk

3.5 inch floppy and drive

Hard Disk Drive

Purpose: Long-term, nonvolatile storage Large, inexpensive, slow level in the storage hierarchy Disk composition A magnetic disk consist of a collection of platters (1to 20 per disk) that rotate on a spindle. Disk surface divided into tracks (1000 to 4800 per platter). Tracks are divided into sectors (64 per track), which are the smallest unit that can be read or written. Up to 10,000 rpm

Magnetic Disks
A read/write head travels across a spinning magnetic disk, retrieving or recording data

The organization of a magnetic disk

Optical Storage Devices How Optical Storage Works

An optical disk is a high-capacity storage medium. An optical drive uses reflected light to read data. To store data, the disk's metal surface is covered with tiny dents (pits) and flat spots (lands), which cause light to be reflected differently.

When an optical drive shines light into a pit, the light cannot be reflected back. This represents a bit value of 0 (off). A land reflects light back to its source, representing a bit value of 1 (on).

Optical storage devices

CD-ROM: compact disc ROM (Read Only Memory) Capacity: 650MB CD-R: compact disc recordable CD-RW: compact disc rewritable DVD: digital versatile disc Capacity: 4.7GB 17GB DVD-R DVD-RW (2 versions: + (plus) and (dash)

DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)

Allows up to 17 gigabytes of storage (from 4.7 GB to 17 GB). Compatible with older CD-ROM technology. The four versions of the DVD:

lesson Review
List four types of magnetic and four types of optical storage devices. Identify two common uses for floppy disks. Explain how data is stored on the surface of magnetic and optical disks. List three variations on optical disk technology.

EVALUATION
1. Cache memory has the fastest speed: T 2. A TB has 1024 MB? T 3. EPROM is a volatile memory? T 4. SRAM needs to be refreshed? T 5. EEPROM use ultraviolet light to erase data?T 6. A land reflects light back to its source, representing a bit value of 1 (on). T 7. A pit, does not reflect the light back and this represents a bit value of 0 (off). T F F F F F F F

EVALUATION SHORT TEST

8. Define the following acronyms:

conted

SRAM ______________________________ DRAM ______________________________ SDRAM ______________________________ EDRAM ______________________________ PROM ______________________________ EPROM ______________________________ EEPROM ______________________________ CD-ROM ______________________________ HDD ______________________________ FDD ______________________________ DVD RW ______________________________ CD-RW ______________________________