ch07 Distributed Forces Centroids and Centers of Gravity

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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5 - 1
CE 102 Statics
Chapter 7

Distributed Forces:
Centroids and Centers of Gravity
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5 - 2
Contents
Introduction
Center of Gravity of a 2D Body
Centroids and First Moments of Areas
and Lines
Centroids of Common Shapes of Areas
Centroids of Common Shapes of Lines
Composite Plates and Areas
Sample Problem 7.1
Determination of Centroids by
Integration
Sample Problem 7.2
Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus
Sample Problem 7.3
Distributed Loads on Beams
Sample Problem 7.4
Center of Gravity of a 3D Body:
Centroid of a Volume
Centroids of Common 3D Shapes
Composite 3D Bodies
Sample Problem 7.5
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Introduction
The earth exerts a gravitational force on each of the particles
forming a body. These forces can be replace by a single
equivalent force equal to the weight of the body and applied
at the center of gravity for the body.
The centroid of an area is analogous to the center of
gravity of a body. The concept of the first moment of an
area is used to locate the centroid.
Determination of the area of a surface of revolution and
the volume of a body of revolution are accomplished
with the Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus.
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Center of Gravity of a 2D Body
Center of gravity of a plate
}

}

=
A =
=
A =
dW y
W y W y M
dW x
W x W x M
y
y
Center of gravity of a wire
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Centroids and First Moments of Areas and Lines
( ) ( )
x
Q dA y A y
y
Q dA x A x
dA t x At x
dW x W x
x
y
respect to h moment wit first
respect to h moment wit first
=
= =
=
= =
=
=
}
}
}
}

Centroid of an area
( ) ( )
}
}
}
}
=
=
=
=
dL y L y
dL x L x
dL a x La x
dW x W x

Centroid of a line
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First Moments of Areas and Lines
An area is symmetric with respect to an axis BB
if for every point P there exists a point P such
that PP is perpendicular to BB and is divided
into two equal parts by BB.
The first moment of an area with respect to a
line of symmetry is zero.
If an area possesses a line of symmetry, its
centroid lies on that axis
If an area possesses two lines of symmetry, its
centroid lies at their intersection.
An area is symmetric with respect to a center O
if for every element dA at (x,y) there exists an
area dA of equal area at (-x,-y).
The centroid of the area coincides with the
center of symmetry.
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Centroids of Common Shapes of Areas
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Centroids of Common Shapes of Lines
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Composite Plates and Areas
Composite plates

=
=
W y W Y
W x W X
Composite area

=
=
A y A Y
A x A X
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Sample Problem 7.1
For the plane area shown, determine
the first moments with respect to the
x and y axes and the location of the
centroid.
SOLUTION:
Divide the area into a triangle, rectangle,
and semicircle with a circular cutout.
Compute the coordinates of the area
centroid by dividing the first moments by
the total area.
Find the total area and first moments of
the triangle, rectangle, and semicircle.
Subtract the area and first moment of the
circular cutout.
Calculate the first moments of each area
with respect to the axes.
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Sample Problem 7.1
3 3
3 3
mm 10 7 . 757
mm 10 2 . 506
+ =
+ =
y
x
Q
Q Find the total area and first moments of the
triangle, rectangle, and semicircle. Subtract the
area and first moment of the circular cutout.
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Sample Problem 7.1
2 3
3 3
mm 10 13.828
mm 10 7 . 757
+
= =
A
A x
X
mm 8 . 54 = X
2 3
3 3
mm 10 13.828
mm 10 2 . 506
+
= =
A
A y
Y
mm 6 . 36 = Y
Compute the coordinates of the area
centroid by dividing the first moments by
the total area.
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Determination of Centroids by Integration
( )
( ) ydx
y
dA y A y
ydx x
dA x A x
el
el
}
}
}
}
=
=
=
=
2
( ) | |
( ) | | dx x a y
dA y A y
dx x a
x a
dA x A x
el
el
=
=
+
=
=
}
}
}
}
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
}
}
}
}
u u
u u
d r
r
dA y A y
d r
r
dA x A x
el
el
2
2
2
1
sin
3
2
2
1
cos
3
2
} }} }
} }} }
= = =
= = =
dA y dy dx y dA y A y
dA x dy dx x dA x A x
el
el
Double integration to find the first moment
may be avoided by defining dA as a thin
rectangle or strip.
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Sample Problem 7.2
Determine by direct integration the
location of the centroid of a parabolic
spandrel.
SOLUTION:
Determine the constant k.
Evaluate the total area.
Using either vertical or horizontal
strips, perform a single integration to
find the first moments.
Evaluate the centroid coordinates.
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Sample Problem 7.2
SOLUTION:
Determine the constant k.
2 1
2 1
2
2
2
2
2
y
b
a
x or x
a
b
y
a
b
k a k b
x k y
= =
= =
=
Evaluate the total area.
3
3
0
3
2
0
2
2
ab
x
a
b
dx x
a
b
dx y
dA A
a
a
=
(
(
= = =
=
} }
}
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Sample Problem 7.2
Using vertical strips, perform a single integration
to find the first moments.
10 5
2
2
1
2
4 4
2
0
5
4
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
4
2
0
2
2
ab x
a
b
dx x
a
b
dx y
y
dA y Q
b a x
a
b
dx x
a
b
x dx xy dA x Q
a
a
el x
a
a
el y
=
(
(
=
|
.
|
\
|
= = =
=
(
(
=
|
.
|
\
|
= = =
} } }
} } }
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Sample Problem 7.2
Or, using horizontal strips, perform a single
integration to find the first moments.
( )
( )
10
4 2
1
2 2
2
0
2 3
2 1
2 1
2 1
2
0
2
2
0
2 2
ab
dy y
b
a
ay
dy y
b
a
a y dy x a y dA y Q
b a
dy y
b
a
a
dy
x a
dy x a
x a
dA x Q
b
el x
b
b
el y
= |
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
= = =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
+
= =
}
} } }
}
} } }
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Sample Problem 7.2
Evaluate the centroid coordinates.
4 3
2
b a ab
x
Q A x
y
=
=
a x
4
3
=
10 3
2
ab ab
y
Q A y
x
=
=
b y
10
3
=
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Surface of revolution is generated by rotating a
plane curve about a fixed axis.
Area of a surface of revolution is
equal to the length of the generating
curve times the distance traveled by
the centroid through the rotation.
L y A t 2 =
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Body of revolution is generated by rotating a plane
area about a fixed axis.
Volume of a body of revolution is
equal to the generating area times
the distance traveled by the centroid
through the rotation.
A y V t 2 =
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Sample Problem 7.3
The outside diameter of a pulley is 0.8
m, and the cross section of its rim is as
shown. Knowing that the pulley is
made of steel and that the density of
steel is
determine the mass and weight of the
rim.
3 3
m kg 10 85 . 7 =
SOLUTION:
Apply the theorem of Pappus-Guldinus
to evaluate the volumes or revolution
for the rectangular rim section and the
inner cutout section.
Multiply by density and acceleration
to get the mass and acceleration.
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Sample Problem 7.3
SOLUTION:
Apply the theorem of Pappus-Guldinus
to evaluate the volumes or revolution for
the rectangular rim section and the inner
cutout section.
( )( )
|
.
|
\
|
= =
3
3 9 3 6 3 3
mm m 10 mm 10 65 . 7 m kg 10 85 . 7 V m
kg 0 . 60 = m
( )( )
2
s m 81 . 9 kg 0 . 60 = = mg W
N 589 = W
Multiply by density and acceleration to
get the mass and acceleration.
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Distributed Loads on Beams
A distributed load is represented by plotting the load
per unit length, w (N/m) . The total load is equal to
the area under the load curve (dW = wdx).
} }
= = = A dA dx w W
L
0
( )
( ) A x dA x A OP
dW x W OP
L
= =
=
}
}
0
A distributed load can be replace by a concentrated
load with a magnitude equal to the area under the
load curve and a line of action passing through the
area centroid.
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Sample Problem 7.4
A beam supports a distributed load as
shown. Determine the equivalent
concentrated load and the reactions at
the supports.
SOLUTION:
The magnitude of the concentrated load
is equal to the total load or the area under
the curve.
The line of action of the concentrated
load passes through the centroid of the
area under the curve.
Determine the support reactions by
summing moments about the beam
ends.
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Sample Problem 7.4
SOLUTION:
The magnitude of the concentrated load is equal to
the total load or the area under the curve.
kN 0 . 18 = F
The line of action of the concentrated load passes
through the centroid of the area under the curve.
kN 18
m kN 63
= X
m 5 . 3 = X
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Sample Problem 7.4
Determine the support reactions by summing
moments about the beam ends.
( ) ( )( ) 0 m .5 3 kN 18 m 6 : 0 = =
y A
B M
kN 5 . 10 =
y
B
( ) ( )( ) 0 m .5 3 m 6 kN 18 m 6 : 0 = + =
y B
A M
kN 5 . 7 =
y
A
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Center of Gravity of a 3D Body: Centroid of a Volume
Center of gravity G
( )
A = j W j W

( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) j W r j W r
j W r j W r
G
G
A =
A =
} }
= = dW r W r dW W
G

Results are independent of body orientation,
} } }
= = = zdW W z ydW W y xdW W x
} } }
= = = zdV V z ydV V y xdV V x
dV dW V W = = and
For homogeneous bodies,
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Centroids of Common 3D Shapes
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Composite 3D Bodies
Moment of the total weight concentrated at the
center of gravity G is equal to the sum of the
moments of the weights of the component parts.

= = = W z W Z W y W Y W x W X
For homogeneous bodies,

= = = V z V Z V y V Y V x V X
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Sample Problem 7.5
Locate the center of gravity of the
steel machine element. The diameter
of each hole is 1 in.
SOLUTION:
Form the machine element from a
rectangular parallelepiped and a
quarter cylinder and then subtracting
two 1-in. diameter cylinders.
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Sample Problem 7.5
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Sample Problem 7.5
( ) ( )
3 4
in .286 5 in 08 . 3 = =

V V x X
( ) ( )
3 4
in .286 5 in 5.047 = =

V V y Y
( ) ( )
3 4
in .286 5 in .618 1 = =

V V z Z
in. 577 . 0 = X
in. 577 . 0 = Y
in. 577 . 0 = Z
33
y
x
20 mm
30 mm
Problem 7.6
36 mm
24 mm
Locate the centroid of the plane
area shown.
34
Solving Problems on Your Own
Several points should be emphasized
when solving these types of problems.
Locate the centroid of the plane area
shown.
y
x
20 mm
30 mm
36 mm
24 mm
1. Decide how to construct the given area from common shapes.

2. It is strongly recommended that you construct a table
containing areas or length and the respective coordinates of
the centroids.

3. When possible, use symmetry to help locate the centroid.
Problem 7.6
35
Problem 7.6 Solution
y
x
24 + 12
20 + 10
10
30
Decide how to construct the given
area from common shapes.
C
1
C
2
Dimensions in mm
36
y
x
24 + 12
20 + 10
10
30
C
1
C
2
Dimensions in mm
Construct a table containing areas and
respective coordinates of the
centroids.
A, mm
2
x, mm y, mm xA, mm
3
yA, mm
3
1 20 x 60 =1200 10 30 12,000 36,000
2 (1/2) x 30 x 36 =540 30 36 16,200 19,440
E 1740 28,200 55,440
37
y
x
24 + 12
20 + 10
10
30
C
1
C
2
Dimensions in mm
XE A = E xA
X (1740) = 28,200
Then
or
X = 16.21 mm
and YE A = E yA
Y (1740) = 55,440
or Y = 31.9 mm
A, mm
2
x, mm y, mm xA, mm
3
yA, mm
3
1 20 x 60 =1200 10 30 12,000 36,000
2 (1/2) x 30 x 36 =540 30 36 16,200 19,440
E 1740 28,200 55,440
38
Problem 7.7
The beam AB supports two
concentrated loads and
rests on soil which exerts a
linearly distributed upward
load as shown. Determine
(a) the distance a for which
w
A
= 20 kN/m, (b) the
corresponding value w
B
.
w
A
w
B
A B
a
0.3 m
24 kN 30 kN
1.8 m
39
The beam AB supports two
concentrated loads and
rests on soil which exerts a
linearly distributed upward
load as shown. Determine
(a) the distance a for which
w
A
= 20 kN/m, (b) the
corresponding value w
B
.
w
A
w
B
A B
a
0.3 m
24 kN 30 kN
1.8 m
1. Replace the distributed load by a single equivalent force.
The magnitude of this force is equal to the area under the
distributed load curve and its line of action passes through
the centroid of the area.

2. When possible, complex distributed loads should be
divided into common shape areas.
Problem 7.7
40
w
B
A B
a
0.3 m
24 kN 30 kN
20 kN/m
C
0.6 m
0.6 m
R
I
R
II
We have
R
I
= (1.8 m)(20 kN/m) = 18 kN
1
2
R
II
= (1.8 m)(w
B
kN/m) = 0.9 w
B
kN
1
2
Replace the distributed
load by a pair of
equivalent forces.
41
w
B
A
B
a
0.3 m
24 kN 30 kN
C
0.6 m
0.6 m
R
I
= 18 kN
R
II
= 0.9 w
B
kN
(a)
EM
C
= 0: (1.2 - a)m x 24 kN - 0.6 m x 18 kN
- 0.3m x 30 kN = 0
or a = 0.375 m
(b)
EF
y
= 0: -24 kN + 18 kN + (0.9 w
B
) kN - 30 kN= 0
or w
B
= 40 kN/m
+
+
42
Problem 7.8
y
x
0.75 in
z
1 in 2 in
2 in
3 in
2 in
2 in
r = 1.25 in
r = 1.25 in
For the machine element
shown, locate the z coordinate
of the center of gravity.
43
y
x
0.75 in
z
1 in 2 in
2 in
3 in
2 in
2 in
r = 1.25 in
r = 1.25 in

X E V = E x V Y E V = E y V Z E V = E z V

where X, Y, Z and x, y, z are the coordinates of the centroid of the
body and the components, respectively.
For the machine element
shown, locate the z coordinate
of the center of gravity.
Problem 7.8
Determine the center of
gravity of composite body.
For a homogeneous body
the center of gravity coincides
with the centroid of its volume. For this case the center of gravity
can be determined by
44
y
x
0.75 in
z
1 in 2 in
2 in
3 in
2 in
2 in
r = 1.25 in
r = 1.25 in
Determine the center of gravity
of composite body.
First assume that the machine
element is homogeneous so
that its center of gravity will
coincide with the centroid of
the corresponding volume.
y
x
z
I
II
III
IV
V
Divide the body into
five common shapes.
45
y
x
z
I
II
III
IV
V
y
x
0.75 in
z
1 in 2 in
2 in
3 in
2 in
2 in
r = 1.25 in
r = 1.25 in
V, in
3
z, in. z V, in
4

I (4)(0.75)(7) = 21 3.5 73.5
II (t/2)(2)
2
(0.75) = 4.7124 7+ [(4)(2)/(3t)] = 7.8488 36.987
III -t(11.25)
2
(0.75)= -3.6816 7 -25.771
IV (1)(2)(4) = 8 2 16
V -(t/2)(1.25)
2
(1) = -2.4533 2 -4.9088
E 27.576 95.807
Z E V = E z V : Z (27.576 in
3
) = 95.807 in
4
Z = 3.47 in
46
Problem 7.9
Locate the centroid of the volume
obtained by rotating the shaded area
about the x axis.
h
a
x
y
y = kx
1/3
47
1. When possible, use symmetry to help locate the centroid.
Locate the centroid of the volume
obtained by rotating the shaded area
about the x axis.
h
a
y = kx
1/3
x
y
The procedure for locating the
centroids of volumes by direct
integration can be simplified:
2. If possible, identify an element of volume dV which produces
a single or double integral, which are easier to compute.
3. After setting up an expression for dV, integrate and determine
the centroid.
Problem 7.9
48
x
y
z
x
dx
y = kx
1/3
r
Use symmetry to help locate the
centroid. Symmetry implies
y = 0 z = 0
Identify an element of volume dV
which produces a single or
double integral.
Choose as the element of volume a disk or radius r and
thickness dx. Then
dV = t r
2
dx x
el
= x
49
x
y
z
x
dx
y = kx
1/3
r
Identify an element of volume dV
which produces a single or
double integral.
dV = t r
2
dx x
el
= x
Now r = kx
1/3
so that
dV = t k
2
x
2/3
dx
At x = h, y = a : a = kh
1/3
or
k = a/h
1/3
Then dV = t x
2/3
dx
a
2

h
2/3
50
x
y
z
x
dx
y = kx
1/3
r
dV = t x
2/3
dx
a
2

h
2/3
Integrate and determine the centroid.
}
0
h
V = t x
2/3
dx
a
2

h
2/3
}
= t x
5/3
a
2

h
2/3
3
5
[ ]
0
h
= t a
2
h
3
5
}
0
h
x
el
dV = x (t x
2/3
dx) = t [ x
8/3
]
a
2

h
2/3
a
2

h
2/3
3
8
Also
= t a
2
h
2
3
8
51
x
y
z
x
dx
y = kx
1/3
r
Integrate and determine the centroid.
}
V = t a
2
h
3
5
x
el
dV = t a
2
h
2
3
8
Now xV = xdV:
}
3
8
x ( t a
2
h) = t a
2
h
2
3
5
x = h
5
8
y = 0 z = 0
52
Problem 7.10
The square gate AB is held in the
position shown by hinges along its
top edge A and by a shear pin at B.
For a depth of water d = 3.5 ft,
determine the force exerted on the
gate by the shear pin.
A
B
d
1.8 ft
30
o
53
A
B
d
1.8 ft
30
o
Assuming the submerged body has a width b, the load per unit
length is w = bgh, where h is the distance below the surface of
the fluid.

1. First, determine the pressure distribution acting perpendicular
the surface of the submerged body. The pressure distribution
will be either triangular or trapezoidal.
Problem 7.10
54
A
B
d
1.8 ft
30
o
2. Replace the pressure distribution with a resultant force, and
construct the free-body diagram.

3. Write the equations of static equilibrium for the problem, and
solve them.
Problem 7.10
55
A
B
Determine the pressure distribution
acting perpendicular the surface of the
submerged body.
1.7 ft
(1.8 ft) cos 30
o
P
A
P
B
P
A
= 1.7 g
P
B
= (1.7 + 1.8 cos 30
o
)g
56
A
B
(1.8 ft) cos 30
o
Replace the pressure
distribution with a
resultant force, and
construct the free-body
diagram.
A
y
A
x
F
B
1.7 g
(1.7 + 1.8 cos 30
o
)g
L
AB
/3
L
AB
/3
L
AB
/3
P
1
P
2
The force of the water
on the gate is
P = Ap = A(gh)
1
2
1
2
P
1
= (1.8 ft)
2
(62.4 lb/ft
3
)(1.7 ft) = 171.85 lb
1
2
P
2
= (1.8 ft)
2
(62.4 lb/ft
3
)(1.7 + 1.8 cos 30
o
)ft = 329.43 lb
1
2
57
A
B
(1.8 ft) cos 30
o
A
y
A
x
F
B
1.7 g
(1.7 + 1.8 cos 30
o
)g
L
AB
/3
L
AB
/3
L
AB
/3
P
1
P
2
P
1
= 171.85 lb P
2
= 329.43 lb
Write the equations of
static equilibrium for the
problem, and solve them.
E M
A
= 0:
( L
AB
)P
1
+ ( L
AB
)P
2

1
3
2
3
- L
AB
F
B
= 0
+
(171.85 lb) + (329.43 lb) - F
B
= 0
1
3
2
3
F
B
= 276.90 lb
30
o
F
B
= 277 lb

ch07 Distributed Forces Centroids and Centers of Gravity

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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