Insulation for Energy Systems

Professor Sergey Lopatkin Office 00B18

e-mail: Lopatkin@tpu.ru

Content
Significance of electrical insulation Overview of high voltage applications High voltage in electric power engineering Course syllabus

Significance of electrical insulation

Reliability of energy systems Safety Efficiency

Applications of high voltage insulation

transmission lines, cables, transformers, capacitors, electrical machines

High Voltage Applications

Light Engineering

Voltage up to 6 kV
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High Voltage Applications

Cathode-Ray Tubes: TV sets, computer monitors, oscilloscope, etc. (up to 25 kV)

High Voltage Applications

Rail Transport: subway, railway (up to 27 kV)

High Voltage Applications

Technology: electrostatic precipitation, separation, painting, electrohydraulic stamping, water cleaning, electroerosion electropulse machining (10-100 kV)
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High Voltage Applications

X-ray equipment for medicine and industry (up to 200 kV)

High Voltage Applications

Scientific research (millions Volts)

High Voltage Applications

Electric power engineering

3, 6 1150 kV
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History of electric power engineering

1870 invention of the DC generator 1882 first large-scale use of electricity Edison's Pearl Street System; provided electric lighting for Lower Manhattan

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First DC power system

Generator G V1 Rline V2 Transmission line Load

PLoad

1) Current in transmission line: IL PLoad / V2 2) Voltage decay: DV = V1 V2 = IL Rline 3) Power loss: DP = IL DV = IL2 Rline = (PLoad / V2)2Zline

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Ways to increase perfomance

DP = (PLoad / V2)2Rline increasing the operating voltage of a system decreasing the impedance of a line

1. 2.

Impedance (DC): Rline = r L / S, where r specific resistance of the wire, already optimal L length of the line, and not effective S cross-sectional area of the wire not effective
G

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V1

Rline

V2

Modern AC power system

1884 invention of a transformer 1890 28 miles 10 kV line Deptford London Transformer

Transmission line
V2

Transformer

Load PLoad

G V1
Zline V3 Generator Power transfer capability (PLoad V22 / Zline)

V(kV)
P(MW)

400
640

700
2000

1000
4000

1200
5800

1500
9000

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Major AC power systems

1400 1200

1150

AC volage, kV

1000 800 600 400 200 0 1880

735 525 220 10

1900

287

380

50

110
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Year of installation

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Application of the HVDC systems

Connection of Asynchronous AC Systems Long and Submarine Cables

Rectifier
AC DC Transmission line

Inverter

AC

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Major DC power systems

700 600

DC voltage, kV

500 400 300 200 100 0 1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

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Year of installation

Demands to electrical insulation

Reliability Safety Efficiency

Ways to achieve: Design Manufacturing Maintenance

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Three questions to be answered

What is the electrical stress distribution that the materials will experience within the device? What are the processes in insulation under these stresses that influence breakdown strengths of the materials? How does the reliability change through the life of the device as a result of a reduction in the material breakdown strength (aging) and a change in the electrical stress distribution?

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Course structure
THEORY Electrical discharge in gas, liquid and solid dielectrics (physics, theory, factors affecting discharge voltage, breakdown, corona discharge, flashover, partial discharge, treeing). Design of high voltage insulation (transmission lines, cables, transformers, capacitors, electrical machines). Testing techniques for insulation maintenance.

EXAM

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Textbooks

High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals by E. Kuffel, W. S. Zaengl, and J. Kuffel High Voltage Engineering by M.S. Naidu Hochspannungstechnik. Theoretische und Praktische Grundlagen by M. Beyer, W. Boeck, K. Mller, and W. Zaengl

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ELECTRIC FIELD IN INSULATORS

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Contents

Electric field concept Electrical discharge and breakdown definitions Electric fields classifications

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Electric field related equations

Potential induced by charge in the medium j = q / (4p e e0 R) q charge e permittivity of the medium e0 electric permittivity of vacuum (8.85 10-12 farad/m) R distance
Voltage between the points 1 and 2 V = j1 j2
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Electric field related equations

Electric field strength
E = grad j = V / Dx j = l E dl The force of electric field F=qE
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Electrical discharge and breakdown

Electrical breakdown loss of insulating ability Electrical discharge process (the stage) of breakdown Dielectric strength of insulator: the maximum electric field strength, which the material can withstand without breakdown the voltage at which the current starts increasing to very high values and breakdown occurs Breakdown voltage applied voltage at the moment of breakdown
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Lightning

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Multiple Lightning

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Examples: spark discharge

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Examples: arc discharge

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Examples: long arc discharge

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Parameters affecting breakdown voltage

electric field distribution, pressure, temperature, humidity, nature of applied voltage, imperfections in dielectric materials, material and surface conditions of electrodes, time of voltage application, and others
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Electric field classification

Dependence on time of application: constant alternating pulsed
oscillating

impulse aperiodic or unipolar impulse

E E t E E

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Electric field classification (space)

uniform

slightly non-uniform

strongly non-uniform

E=V/D

EV/D

E = f(x,y,z)
N > 3

E = f(x,y,z)

N = 1
0 D
0

N 3
D

Non-uniformity factor N = MAX / EAV 35 EAV = V / D; MAX = f(voltage, shape, size, distance)

Methods for estimating the potential and electric field distribution

the direct measurement of potential distribution analytic calculations the numerical methods of calculations using digital computers

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Calculation of maximum electric field

Planes Two spheres

Concentric spheres

Coaxial cylinders

Sphere vs. plane

Cylinder vs. plane Parallel cylinders

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Electrodes symmetry

Symmetric and asymmetric electrodes Symmetric electrodes are two electrodes of the same shape and size and there is no electrode grounding Asymmetric electrodes are two electrodes of the different shape or size, or one of them is grounded

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Solve the next problem

Sphere vs. plane

Given: r = 1 cm; a = 10 cm; U = 100 kV Calculate 1. non-uniformity factor; 2. at a given r the value a that provides slightly non-uniform field; 3. at a given a the value r that provides slightly non-uniform field

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