Introduction to Java

What is Java

Developed in the early 1990s by Sun Meant to be highly portable so it could be embedded into microwave ovens, cell phones, remote controls, etc Java was written with the C language Has similar syntax to C, C++, and JavaScript (JavaScript is totally different than Java)

Java is Platform Independent

Java can be run on any platform or any processor that has a JVM built for it. Java is an interpreted language, meaning that there is a machine/processor-dependent interpreter called the JVM that translates the standard Java code into instructions for the specific processor

Java Architecture

Platform Independence

In C++, only the source code is platform independent; the compiler and executable are platform-dependent Microsoft.NET products are Platform Dependent but Language Independent to a degree

Garbage collection and the JVM

In addition to converting your common bytecode to machine-dependent instructions, the JVM provides memory cleanup known as garbage collection The JVM will clean up after a program once components are no longer needed (i.e. you dont need stuff like set x = nothing).

Java Libraries and Open Source

Java includes many reusable tools and objects that are part of the language Additional open-source tools and classes can be found on the web that have been built by the open source community and can be reused in your applications

Java is object-oriented
Concept Description Class Method Job Description Task Example Instructor doLecture()

Package Collection of classes itt.common Object Instance of a class russellDobda

All code must be written as classes! Java is Case Sensitive!

3 types of Java Programs

1.

Java Application

Standalone; run from command line Runs in a web browser Downloaded from server and run client-side Resides and runs on web server

2.

Java Applet

3.

Java Servlet

Java Servlets and JSP

System Development

Always plan before you code. Understand the problem and plan a solution. Always test. Test driven development encourages writing tests first and creating automated build scripts that run the tests Dont wait until the last minute! Count on building a program over several days. Assume you will be rethinking and refactoring as you go; just like writing a novel

Phases of the Software Development Life Cycle Needs Analysis: The Why Requirements Analysis: The What
Define the problem

Design: The How Development

Define the solution in terms of business requirements Consideration of Who and Where High Level and Detailed Design Flow charts, psuedocode
Construction of the Software and unit testing Unit Testing (Unit, Integration)

Testing: User Acceptance, System Testing Implementation

Programming in Java

Java Coding - Comments

//this is a comment

/* this is a multi-line comment */

/** this is javadoc documentation * that contains standard information * @author Russell Dobda */

Java Coding Class definitions

public class MyClass { //your code here } Every java program must contain at least one Usually, each .java file will contain a single class The filename must match the class name

Java Application main() method

public class MyClass{ public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println(Hello World!); } }

Question: what are the inputs and outputs of the main method?

Standards

Java ignores whitespace, so you can use as much or as little as you want, but please maintain readibility!! Bracket positioning (two standards, use either)

Primitive data types

Java includes 8 primitive (non-object) data types. They begin with a lower-case

boolean
byte char short

int
long float double

See page 50 for detailed descriptions

Declaring variables in Java

data_type variable_name; Examples

float float float float balance; balance = 2000.0; balance, deposit, withdrawal; balance=2000.0, deposit=50.0;

You should always initialize your variables to at least null or 0

The String Class

Java class that has many built-in methods for replace, find, case, etc Concatenate strings with the + operator
String instructorName = Mr. Dobda; System.out.println(Your instructor is + instructorName);

Note that System.out.println allows you to write a line of text to the output console

Escape sequences for strings

Sequence Result Example \ Quotes value = He said \Hello\

\n
\\

New line Backslash

value = Are you sure\n you want to do this? Value = Go to c:\\My Documents

Final variables (aka constants)

These values cannot be modified Use all caps with underscores

public final String SCHOOL_LOCATION = ITT;

If public, it can be referenced from other classes

System.out.println(You go to + MyClass.SCHOOL_LOCATION);

Naming conventions

Class: Descriptive noun or noun phrases. Starts with caps and uses caps for each word Method: start with lower case, use caps for each subsequent word Variable: same as methods. Be descriptive! Use single letter variable names only for loop indexes Final variable: CAPS_WITH_UNDERSCORE

Java Operators

See page 57 for full list and precedence

! Logical not == Same as

Question: what is the precedence of the following:

!= Not same as && Conditional and

|| = Conditional or Assignment

fTemp = 9.0/5.0 * cTemp + 32.0;

Assignment operator (=)

//valid assignments a = 1; b = 2; a = b = c = 0; double x = 32.0; //invalid assignment 32 = z;

Casting Variables
You can cast variables from one type to another when direct assignment is not an option: float f = (float)9.8765

Java considers everything with a decimal to be a double. Since float takes up less memory and holds up to 7 decimal places, you can cast 9.8765 as a float. There are better real-world examples out there than this, especially when you get into objects

int i = (int) f //what is i?

Java Integer Arithmetic

int a = 16, b=3, c, d; c = a / b; d = a % b;

The result of 16/3 is 5 remainder of 1; therefore, c = 5, d = 1

Java Arithmetic of differing types

int a = 3; double b = 2.0, c; //note decimal! c = a / b; When doing this math, Java will promote the number with less precision to the higher precision (i.e. int to double) to get a result of the higher precision (see table 2.10, pg 66) c ends up as .75

Increment and Decrement Operators

These provide a quick way to add or subtract 1 from a variable i++ or ++i will add 1 to i i-- or --i will subtract 1 from i When assigning values, there is a difference between i++ and ++i (see table 2.12 p70)

Accumulation Operators
Operator Example += sum += x Result sum = sum + x

-= *= /=

sum -= x sum *= x sum /= x

sum = sum x sum = sum * x sum = sum / x

Note that you dont NEED to use accumulation operators, but they are a nice shorthand.