Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Luiz Oliveira
Luiz Oliveira is a RILEM member and Professor of the Architecture and Civil Engineering Department of the University of Beira Interior in Portugal.
Index
1- Abstract 2 Experimental program 3- Experimental results and discussion 4- Conclusions
1- Abstract
This paper reports an experimental study on the mortar phase for self-compacting concrete.
A series of mortars were produced with similar flow properties, measured by spread and v-funnel tests, adequate to produce selfcompacting concrete.
The water content and the modified carboxylic superplasticizer dosage were determined experimentally for each mortar.
Different percentages of cement replacement materials were used in binary blends, each one combining one of the two types of cement with one of the three mineral additions selected: limestone powder, granite filler and fly ash.
1- Abstract
Each of the binary blends of powders was combined in five different proportions in volume with the fine aggregate (Vp/Vs). Mortars were tested for compressive strength at 28 days age and this value was related to the water/cement ratio, the percentage of replacement materials, and Vp/Vs parameter. The analysis revealed the possibility of establishing adequate mortar parameters to obtain simultaneously the self-compactability and the required compressive strength of self-compacting concrete.
Index
1- Abstract 2 Experimental program 3- Experimental results and discussion 4- Conclusions
2- Experimental Program
Materials used / Powder Materials: Normal portland cement with a specific gravity of 3.14 Calcareous portland cement with a specific gravity of 3.04 Limestone powder with a specific gravity of 2.72 Granite filler with a specific gravity of 2.65 Fly ash with specific gravity of 2.38. Materials used / Admixtures: Modified polycarboxylic based superplasticizer with a density of 1.05.
2- Experimental Program
Materials used / Fine aggregates: The fine aggregate grading curve results from the combination of two sands (40% of Sand 01 and 60% of Sand 05 in absolute volume). Sand 01 was produced from crushed granite with very fine particles and a specific gravity of 2.59 and a fineness modulus of 1.49.
Sand 05 was river sand with a specific gravity of 2.61 and a fineness modulus of 2.71.
2- Experimental Program
Materials used / Fine aggregate grading curve:
Grading curve of fine aggregates
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Sand 01
Sand 05
0,59
1,19
2,38
4,76
9,52
12,7
19,1
25,4
0,074
0,149
0,297
38,1
2- Experimental Program
Mix proportions of the powder materials(*)
Table 1 Volume fractions in binary blends of powders
Materials Mixtures
Ref.
Binary mixtures
Cement
CEM I 42.5R (C1) C1 = 3140 kg/m3 ------------fc1= 1.00 fc1= 0.70 fc1= 0.70 fc1= 0.70 fc1= 0.60 fc1= 0.60 fc1= 0.60 fc1= 0.50 fc1= 0.40 CEM II/B L32.5N (C2) C1 = 3040 kg/m3 fc2= 1.00 fc2= 0.80 fc2= 0.80 fc2= 0.80 fc2= 0.60 fc2= 0.50 ------------------Fly ash (CV) CV = 2380 kg/m3 ------fcv= 0.20 ----------fcv= 0.30 ----fcv= 0.40 -----
Addition
Limestone powder ( FC) FC = 2720 kg/m3 --ffc= 0.20 ----ffc= 0.40 ffc= 0.50 --ffc= 0.30 ----ffc= 0.40 ----ffc= 0.50 ffc= 0.60 Granite filler (FG) FG = 2650 kg/m3 ----ffg= 0.20 ----------ffg= 0.30 ----ffg= 0.40 -------
Ref.
1 2 3 4 14 15 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
100C2 80C2+20FC 80C2+20FG 80C2+20CV 60C2+40FC 50C2+50FC 100C1 70C1+30FC 70C1+30FG 70C1+30CV 60C1+40FC 60C1+40FG 60C1+40CV 50C1+50FC 40C1+60FC
Binary mixtures
2- Experimental Program
Studies in mortars / Parameters for mortar mix design: Proportions of powder materials. Vp/Vs (ratio, in absolute volume, powder materials / fine aggregates). Vw/Vp (ratio, in absolute volume, water content / powder materials). Sp/p% (ratio, in percentage, mass of the superplasticizer / mass of the powder materials). The volume of voids and the contribution of powders from fine aggregates were not considered.
2- Experimental Program
Studies in mortars / Evaluation of fresh properties of mortars: Spread test (Figure 1a) The result is expressed in terms of relative flow area (Gm):
Dm Gm D 1 0
Dm - mean value of the two perpendicular diameters D0 - initial diameter of the base of the cone
Spread test
70 mm
100 mm
59 mm
2- Experimental Program
Studies in mortars / Evaluation of fresh properties of mortars: V-funnel test (Figure 1b) The result is expressed in terms of the relative flow velocity (Rm).
29 270 mm
Rm
10 t
30
V-funnel test
60
240 mm
2- Experimental Program
Studies in mortars / Mixing sequence: Batches of 1.6 liters were produced
Superplasticizer Powders + fine aggregates + water
Mix (normal velocity) Rest (to clean blade) Mix (normal velocity) Rest
Discharge
10
11
Time (minutes)
2- Experimental Program
Studies in mortars / Achieve the required fresh properties: Mortars were produced combining each mixture of powder materials shown in Table 1, with different values of the Vp/Vs. The Vp/Vs varied from 0.60 to 0.80. On average, for each combination of powder materials and Vp/Vs, three mortars were produced, varying the Vw/Vp and Sp/p% until required fresh properties were obtained. The experimental procedure is shown schematically on Figs 4 and 5.
2- Experimental Program
Studies in mortars / To achieve the required fresh properties:
Mortar fresh properties
Rm
For Sp/p% constant, the increase of Vw/Vp produces a linear translation of (Gm, Rm) values.
Fig. 4 Mortar fresh properties when Vw/Vp increases with Sp/p% constant
2,00
Increase of Sp/p%
1,00 0,80
Increase of Vw/Vp with constant value of Sp/p%
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00 Gm
6,00
7,00
8,00
9,00
10,00
2- Experimental Program
Studies in mortars / To achieve the required fresh properties:
Mortar fresh properties
Rm
Figure 5 shows the variation of the (Gm, Rm) values when the Vw/Vp remains constant and Sp/p% increases.
Fig. 5 Mortar fresh properties when Sp/p% increases with Vw/Vp constant
2,00
Increase of Sp/p%
1,00 0,80
Increase of Sp/p% with constant value of Vw/Vp
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00 Gm
6,00
7,00
8,00
9,00
10,00
2- Experimental Program
Studies in mortars / Achieve the required fresh properties: Admissible range for Gm and Rm is shown in Fig. 6.
Mortar fresh properties
Rm
4,00
5,00 Gm
6,00
7,00
8,00
2- Experimental Program
Studies in mortars / To achieve the required fresh properties: Subsequent studies have revealed that properties defined for mortars are adequate to produce concretes with values of: Gc between 8 and 11.25 (flow diameter on concrete Dm between 600 and 700 mm)
Rc between 0.5 and 1.0 s-1, (v-funnel time on concrete t between 10 and 20 s).
2- Experimental Program
Studies in mortars / Mortar compressive strength:
For the mortars that satisfied the required fresh properties 4 cubic specimens of 50 mm side were produced and cured in water at 202 C.
Samples were tested for compressive strength at 28 days, perpendicular to the cast direction and using a loading rate of 1.5 kN/s.
Index
1- Abstract 2 Experimental program 3- Experimental results and discussion 4- Conclusions
Fig. 7 Water content versus Vp/Vs for mortars with CEM II/B-L32,5 N
A1 # 100C2 A2 # 80C2+20FC
275,0
A3 A1
A5 # 100C1
W [litres/m 3]
A3 # 80C2+20FG
250,0 245,0
270,0
A2 A4
A4 # 80C2+20CV
A6 # 70C1+30FC
265,0
A10 A5 A7
A8 # 70C1+30CV A7 # 70C1+30FG
240,0 235,0 230,0 225,0 220,0 0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80 0,85
A14 # 60C2+40FC
A14 A15
A15 # 50C2+50FC
W [litres/m3]
A9 # 60C1+40FC
A6
A10 # 60C1+40FG
A11 # 60C1+40CV
Vp/Vs
235,0 230,0
A12 # 50C1+50FC
Fig. 8 Water content versus Vp/Vs for mortars with CEM I 42,5 R
A13 # 40C1+60FC
Vp/Vs
A1 # 100C2
Fig. 9 Superplasticyzer content versus Vp/Vs for mortars with CEM II/B-L32,5 N
Mortars with CEM I 42.5R
35,00
A1
20,00
A3
Sp [litres/m 3]
15,00
A2 A4
A2 # 80C2+20FC
A3 # 80C2+20FG
A5 # 100C1
30,00
A14
10,00
A6 # 70C1+30FC
A4 # 80C2+20CV
A5
25,00
A15
A14 # 60C2+40FC
A7 # 70C1+30FG
A8
Sp [litres/m 3]
20,00
A7 A6 A10 A11 A9
A8 # 70C1+30CV
5,00
A15 # 50C2+50FC
0,00 0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80 0,85
15,00
10,00
Vp/Vs
5,00
A12 A13
A11 # 60C1+40CV
A12 # 50C1+50FC
Fig. 10 Superplasticyzer content versus Vp/Vs for mortars with CEM I 42,5 R
A13 # 40C1+60FC
0,00 0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80 0,85
Vp/Vs
In mortars that incorporate the same types of cement and addition, the amount of superplasticizer decreases with the increase of percentage of cement replacement by the addition.
0,80
0,75
A1 3
Vp/Vs
A1 5
A7 # 70C1+30FG A8 # 70C1+30CV A9 # 60C1+40FC A10 # 60C1+40FG A11 # 60C1+40CV A12 # 50C1+50FC A13 # 40C1+60FC A14 # 60C2+40FC
0,70
A1 4 A8 A9 A3 A2 A1 1
0,65
A4 A6
0,60
0,55 0,66 0,68 0,70 0,72 0,74 0,76 0,78 0,80 0,82 0,84 0,86 0,88 0,90 0,92 0,94 0,96 0,98 1,00
A15 # 50C2+50FC
Vw/Vp
Fig. 11- Relationship between Vp/Vs and Vw/Vp for all the mortars produced
Vw/Vp
0,84 0,82 0,80 0,78 0,76 0,74 0,72 0,70 0,68 0,66 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20 1,40 1,60 1,80 2,00 2,20 2,40 2,60 2,80 3,00 3,20 3,40 3,60 3,80 4,00
A1 3 A1 5 A9 A1 1 A2 A1 2 A1 4 A8
A8 # 70C1+30CV A9 # 60C1+40FC A10 # 60C1+40FG A11 # 60C1+40CV A12 # 50C1+50FC A13 # 40C1+60FC A14 # 60C2+40FC A15 # 50C2+50FC
Sp/p%
Fig. 12- Relationship between Vw/Vp and the Sp/p% for all the mortars produced
A2 # 80C2+20FC A3 # 80C2+20FG A4 # 80C2+20CV A5 # 100C1 A6 # 70C1+30FC A7 # 70C1+30FG A8 # 70C1+30CV A9 # 60C1+40FC A10 # 60C1+40FG A11 # 60C1+40CV A12 # 50C1+50FC A13 # 40C1+60FC A14 # 60C2+40FC A15 # 50C2+50FC
0,60 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80 0,85
fm,28
65,0 60,0 55,0 50,0 45,0 40,0 35,0 30,0 25,0 20,0 0,55
A1 5
Vp/Vs
Fig. 13- Relationship between the mortar compressive and the Vp/Vs
Analysis of mixture proportions / Mortar compressive strength: As expected, the mortar compressive strength decreases with the increase of W/C ratio.
Figure 14 indicates a general relationship for each type of the cement used.
fm,28
100,0 95,0 90,0 85,0 80,0 75,0 70,0 65,0 60,0 55,0 50,0 45,0 40,0 35,0 30,0 25,0
2 1
CEM I 42,5 R
Mixtures with CEM II/B-L32.5N (A1, A2, A3, A4, A14, A15)
Mixtures with CEM I 42.5R (A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13)
Fig. 14- Compressive strength versus W/C ratio, expressed in terms of mass.
20,0 0,22 0,26 0,30 0,34 0,38 0,42 0,46 0,50 0,54 0,58 0,62 0,66
0,65 0,60 0,55 0,50 0,45 0,40 0,35 0,30 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05
Fig. 15 Relationship between (fAd.), W/C ratio and Vp/Vs for combination of CEM I 42,5 R and Limestone powder
Relationship between fAd. and W/C
0.80 0.60
Vp/Vs = 0,65
Vp/Vs = 0,75
Vp/Vs = 0,60 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 Vp/Vs = 0,70 Vp/Vs = 0,65
Vp/Vs = 0,80
0,00 0,240
0,280
0,320
0,360
0,400
0,440
0,480
0,520
0,560
0,600
0,640
0,680
W/C
Fig. 16 Relationship between (fAd.), W/C ratio and Vp/Vs for combination of CEM I 42,5 R and Granite filler
Vp/Vs = 0,75
Vp/Vs = 0,80
W/C
Vp/Vs = 0,60 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 Vp/Vs = 0,70 Vp/Vs = 0,65
0.80
Fig. 17 Relationship between (fAd.), W/C ratio and Vp/Vs for combination of CEM I 42,5 R and Fly ash
Relationship between fAd. and W/C 0,60
0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05 0,00 0,240 0,280 0,320 0,360 0,400 0,440 0,480 0,520 0,560 0,600 0,640 0,680
Vp/Vs = 0,75
0.70
Vp/Vs = 0,60
Vp/Vs = 0,80
0.80
Vp/Vs = 0,65
W/C
Fig. 18 Relationship between (fAd.), W/C ratio and Vp/Vs for combination of CEM II/B L32,5N and Limestone powder
0.75 0.65
Vp/Vs = 0,75
Vp/Vs = 0,80
0,280
0,320
0,360
0,400 W/C
0,440
0,480
0,520
0,560
0,55 0,50 0,45 0,40 0,35 0,30 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05 0,00 0,240
Vp/Vs = 0,60
Fig. 19 Relationship between (fAd.), W/C ratio and Vp/Vs for combination of CEM II/B L32,5N and Granite filler
Relationship between fAd. and W/C
0,60
Vp/Vs = 0,65
0.80
0.75
0.70 0.65
Vp/Vs = 0,70
Unit percentage of cement replacement by the addition (fAd.)
0,55 0,50 0,45 0,40 0,35 0,30 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05 0,00 0,240
Vp/Vs = 0,60
Vp/Vs = 0,65
Vp/Vs = 0,80
0,280
0,320
0,360
0,400 W/C
0,440
0,480
0,520
0,560
0.80
0.75
Vp/Vs = 0,70
Vp/Vs = 0,75
Fig. 20 Relationship between (fAd.), W/C ratio and Vp/Vs for combination of CEM II/B L32,5N and Fly ash
Vp/Vs = 0,80
0,280
0,320
0,360
0,400 W/C
0,440
0,480
0,520
0,560
Index
1- Abstract 2 Experimental program 3- Experimental results and discussion 4- Conclusions
4- Conclusions
The following conclusions can be drawn based on the results of this experimental investigation for the mortar mixtures and procedures used: Comparing mortars with the same value of Vp/Vs and the same types of cement and addition, the ratio Vw/Vp decreases with the increase of the percentage of cement replacement by the addition. For mortars with the same powder proportions, the dosage of the superplasticizer, expressed in terms of Sp/p%, doesnt change significantly with variation of Vw/Vp. Mixtures with the same Vp/Vs values and the same types of cement and addition have shown that the dosage of the superplasticizer, expressed by Sp/p%, tends to decrease when the percentage of cement replacement by the addition increases.
4- Conclusions
The comparative analysis of mortars doesnt reveal a general relationship between the analyzed parameters Vp/Vs, Vw/Vp and Sp/p%. However, it can be useful to preview trial mixtures behavior in laboratory to obtain the required fresh properties.
Good agreement was observed, for each powder association mortar, between the mortar compressive strength and the Vp/Vs parameter. The mortar compressive strength increases as Vp/Vs ratio increases. As expected the compressive strength decreases with the increase of W/C ratio for mortars with the same type of cement.
For binary mixtures incorporating a certain type of cement and addition, it is possible to find a good correlation between the W/C ratio and the percentage of cement replacement by the addition when the Vp/Vs is constant.
4- Conclusions
It can be concluded that, after having selected the type of powder materials to be used and the required mortar compressive strength, it is possible to estimate the adequate W/C ratio. Moreover, from W/C ratio and Vp/Vs, it is possible to estimate the required percentage of the cement replacement by the addition.